Objective To study the changes of xanthine oxidoreductase(XOD) activity induced by acute urinary retention(AUR) in rats and its significance.Methods Twenty-eight female Wistar rats were used to establish acute urinary retention model by filling bladder with 2fold bladder volume and maintaining for 2 h.Cystometry,XOD activity and malondialdehyde(MDA) concentration assays were performed at the end of over-distention and 1 h,2 h,3 h,4 h after emptying respectively.The effect of superoxide dismutase(SOD) was observed by injecting 500 U SOD into the left cardiac ventricle of 7 model rats 10 min before emptying.Another 7 rats were filled with normal bladder volume as controls and underwent filling cystonetry.Results The frequency of detrusor over-activity increased more obviously after emptying than during over-distention.XOD activity increased obviously during over-distention period as compared to controls,reduced 1 h after emptying,then increased again 2 h after emptying,finally down to normal level slowly.The concentration of MDA increased during over-distention and early period after emptying and peaked at 1 h after emptying and then recovered slowly.After SOD treatment,the frequency of detrusor over-activity,XOD activity and MDA concentration reduced as compared with that in model rats 2 h after emptying(P

Objective To disscuss the influence on the anxiety and depression of different sperm parameters and different stages of spermatogenic cells before and after the treatment .Methods The different sperm parameters and different stages of spermato‐genic cells of 42 male patients with infertility were collected .Self‐rating Anxiety Scale (SAS ) and Self‐rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to investigate the mental status of infertility patients before and after 3 or 6 months of treatment .Results After 3 or 6 months of treatment ,the scores of SAS/SDS were improved significantly (P< 0 .05) in different infertile diseases ,the degree of anxiety and depression were reduced .The sexual life and the abnormal parameter of the sperm and spermatogenic cells were neg‐atively correlated with the degrees of anxiety and depression .Conclusion Improving the quality of the various stages of male infer‐tility sperm parameters and spermatogenic cells ,the degrees of anxiety and depression are significantly reduced .

With the development of imaging technology,the reports of spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection become more frequently,but there is no consensus on the therapeutic plans which consist of conservative therapy,endovascular treatment and surgical treatment.Therefore,the related questions of the spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection will be discussed in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases of digestive tract with a review of literatures.

Objective To investigate the anatomic landmarks during the exposure of thalamus via the transcorpus callosal ventricle approach between microscope and endoscope to provide an anatomic foundation for clinical application. Methods The transcorpus callosal ventricle approach to expose the thalamus was simulated in selected 6 (12 sides) red and blue latex-perfused cadaver head specimens. The anatomic structures of four stages-interhemispheric, septum pellu?cidum cavity, lateral ventricle and third ventricle were examined by microscope and endoscope and relevant anatomic date was obtained during the process. Results Both microscope and endoscope could show the anatomic structures clear?ly during the interhemispheric and septum pellucidum cavity stages. The major landmarks of the interhemispheric cavity included callosal margin artery, cingulate sulcus, pericallosal artery and corpus callosum, and landmarks of septum pellu?cidum cavity included the septum pellucidum and body of fornix. Lateral ventricle stage-the major landmarks contained foramen of monro, septum vein, thalamus striatum vein, choroid plexus, body of fornix and body of caudate nucleus. The blind field under microscope such as anterior part of frontal horn (25.7mm±1.7mm vs. 14.2mm±1.2mm, P<0.05), lateral part (1/3) (12.1mm ± 0.7mm vs. 7.0mm ± 0.9mm, P<0.05) and posterior part (2/5) (28.8mm ± 1.4mm vs. 18.7mm ± 1.4mm, P<0.05) of thalamus could be made up by endoscope. Third ventricle stage-neither microscope nor endoscope could show the medial part of thalamus effectively due to the restriction of fornix and internal cerebral vein. Conclusions The anatomic landmarks can be identified during the exposure of thalamus via the transcorpus callosal ventricle approach. The coordination of microscope and endoscope can be helpful to identify eloquent structures and make up blind surgical field.

soda lime). It took significant less time to reach the peak CO concentration with baralyme than with the other two CO2 absorbents. The temperature of top canister went up faster than that of the bottom one with soda lime; whereas with baralyme the temperature of the bottom canister went up faster. Conclusion In a simulated closed circuit the risk of CO poisoning was higher with baralyme than with soda lime. But KOH-free soda lime which still contains NaOH, such as sofnolime, may produce more CO than standard soda lime.

Since Reich completed the first laparoscopic hepatectomy (LH) in 1991,LH has been developed rapidly with the continuous improvement of surgeons' technique and the technological changes in devices and related processes.This article elaborates on the safety and efficacy of LH,the value of 3D visualization,3D printing technology,and 3D laparoscopic technology in guiding precise hepatectomy,control of hemorrhage during LH,and safety and efficacy of robotic hepatectomy.

Objective To investigate the expression of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) protein in patients with colorectal carcinoma and evaluate its clinicopathological significance. Methods The expression of PAK1 was detected by the immunohistochemical method (SABC) in 50 cases of colorectal carcinoma and pericancerous normal specimens, and the relationship between the expression of PAK1 protein and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. Results The positive rate of PAK1 in colorectal carcinoma was significantly higher than that in normal pulmonary tissues (58 % vs 22 %, P <0.01), and the expression of PAK1 protein was significantly correlated to lymph node metastasis (χ2 =8.872, P =0.003) and degree of differentiation (χ2 =6.344, P =0.042), but not to tumor location, size, age and sex (P >0.05). The positive staining of PAK1 protein was mainly located in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. Conclusion Overexpression of PAK1 is closely related with tumor biological behavior and it may play important role in the development of colorectal carcinoma.

This paper illustrates the immunology teaching reform of higher medical education to meet demands of the 21st century. The teaching reform includes cultivating students’humanities quality,scientific consciousness,ability to research and the following-up of immunology progress. According to the teaching practice and the results from the questionnaire,the new teaching model is better than traditional teaching model and is approved by the students.

Objective To evaluate the effects of nicotine or electric vagal stimulation on injury to transplanted lungs in rats.Methods Twenty-four male Wistar rats with transplanted lung,weighing 250-300 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =8 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),nicotine group (group NI) and electric vagal stimulation group (group VS).Nicotine 2 mg/kgwas injected intraperitoneally at 15 min after lung transplantation in group NI.Right cervical vagus nerve trank was stimulated for 20 min with continuous electric rectangular pulses (5 V,2 ms,1 Hz) at 10 min interval twice in total starting from 15 min after lung transplantation in group VS.Arterial blood samples were then collected for blood gas analysis at 15,30,45,75,105 and 135 min after lung transplantation.Arterial blood samples were then collected at 135 min after lung transplantation for determination of the plasma concentration of interleukin-6 (IL-6),IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by ELISA.The rats were sacrificed at 135 min after lung transplantation and the tissue of transplanted lung was removed for determination of lung injury score (LIS) according to the pathological changes obtained with light microscope,and of wet/dry lung weight ratio (W/D ratio).Results Compared with group C,PaO2 and pH value were significantly increased,and LIS,W/D ratio,and the concentrations of plasma IL-6,IL-8 and TNF-α were decreased in NI and VS groups.Conclusion Nicotine or electric vagal stimulation can attenuate injury to transplanted lungs in rats.

Objective To investigate mosapride in the treatment of functional dyspepsia(FD) and its effect on proximal stomach and gastric emptying function .Methods One hundred and two patients diagnosed of functional dyspepsia in our hospital were ran‐domly divided into observation group (with treatment of mosapride) and control group(with treatment of domperidone) ,and 51 ca‐ses were in each group .The clinical efficacy was observed ,and the LOGIQ‐GE2000 diagnostic apparatus were used to detect the de‐termination of proximal stomach and gastric emptying function before and after treatment .Results The clinical effective rate of the observation group was 86 .27% ,significantly higher than that of the control group(64 .71% ) .The difference was statistically signif‐icant between them(P<0 .05);proximal gastric scores and rate of fundus gas emptying of the observation group were significantly better than those in the control group (P<0 .05);proximal gastric emptying of the observation group was better than that of the control group after taking medicine(P<0 .05);rate of side effect in observed group was 3 .9% ,which compared with control group showed no significant difference (P>0 .05) .Conclusion Mosapride in treatment of functional dyspepsia is better than domperi‐done ,and it could significantly improve the patient′s proximal stomach and the function of gastric motility .