Objective To investigate the brain protection effect of cinnamon water extract on chronic cerebral ischemia rats. Methods We selected male Wistar rats to make chronic cerebral ischemia model by bilateral carotid artery ligation permanently,and the models were randomized into a model group,cinnamon high or low dose group,with 20 in each group. A control group with 20 rats was treated with sham operation. The cinnamon high and low dose groups were given cinnamon water extract 4.2g/kg and 2.1g/kg respectively by gavage in succession for 4 weeks. Y-maze test was used to test the cognitive ability of the rats. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity,malondialdehyde (MDA) content,and the expressions of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were determined. Results Compared with the sham-operated group,the cognitive ability of the model group declined,the SOD activity of brain tissues decreased,and the MDA content increased. Cinnamon improved the SOD activity,reduced the MDA content,increased the NGF and BDNF expressions,and the effect of high-dose group was better than that of the low-dose group. Conclusion Cinnamon plays its role in cerebral protection through increasing the SOD activity and expression of NGF and BDNF and reducing content of MDA.

Objective To investigate the effects of hyperoxaluria on rat renal tubular epithelium intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca~(2+)]i) and cell apoptosis, and explore the protective effects of calcium antagonist-nifedipine. Methods Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=10). Rats in water-drinking group were treated with deionized water, nifedipine group with deionized water and nifedipine 10 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1), calculi-induced group with deionized water containing 1% ethylene glycol, and three calculi-induced+nifedipine-intervening groups with deionized water containing 1% ethylene glycol plus nifedipine 3, 6 and 10 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1), respectively. Four weeks later, the 24 h oxaluria concentration was measured, the apoptosis index of renal tubular epithelial cells was detected with TUNEL method, and Ca~(2+) fluorescence intensity of cells of renal proximal tubules was determined by flow cytometry using Fluo-3/AM staining. Results The 24 h oxaluria concentrations in calculi-induced group and calculi-induced+nifedipine-intervening groups were higher than those in water-drinking group and nifedipine group (P＜0.01). The apoptosis index and Ca~(2+) fluorescence intensity were significantly higher in calculi-induced group than those in water-drinking group (P<0.01). The Ca~(2+) fluorescence intensity in calculi-induced+nifedipine (3, 6 and 10 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))-intervening groups was 76.7%, 62.7% and 56.4% of calculi-induced group, respectively, with a significant dose-effect relationship (r=0.839, P<0.01). The apoptosis index of renal tubular epithelial cells was significantly correlated with Ca~(2+) fluorescence intensity (r=0.826, P<0.01). Conclusion Hyperoxaluria can increase apoptosis and [Ca~(2+)]i concentration of renal tubular epithelial cells in rats, and nifedipine can effectively protect renal tubular epithelial cells to resist hyperoxaluria.

BACKGROUND: At present, it is affirmed that coping style is the important mediator between stress and health both on mental and body. The coping theory is descripted as three orientations: trait view, contextual view and interaction person-environment view. The conception and classification of the coping styles still remains to be explored. OBJECTIVE: To probe into the dimensions of coping styles, the characteristics of different coping styles and the correlation between coping styles and psychological adaptation among college students.DESTGN: Questionnaire investigation.SETTING: School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University.PARTICIPANTS: Altogether 343 college students were randomly chosen from Tianjin University, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin Normal University and Tianjin University of Finance and Economics. The college students, including 161 males and 182 females, were aged (19±2) years, ranging from 19 to 22 years. According to body health examniation records of them, all the college students had no serious chronic or acute illness. Written informed consents were obtained from all the college students.METHODS: The college students were measured collectively in their own classroom respectively from September to December in 1999. There were totally 16 class units. Altogether 422 copies of questionnaire files were sent out. Each copy includes Coping Styles Scales, Adolescent Psychological Adaptation Scales, and SCL-90.The questionnaires were collected once the college students completed. Copying styles were assessed with Coping Style Scale revised by Liang Baoyong, which includes 20 items. Each item gives one kind of coping strategies in daily life. For example, "To tell myself,my trouble is nothing matter When comparing with others, it is no worthy to be annoyant". The college students should be asked to answer on the 5-point Likert scale. These 20 items covered majority of coping styles which were used by adolescents. Two indexes were used as the results of psychological adaptation: one is Adolescent Psychological Adaptation Scale developed by Chen Huichang, including 20 items. Scores were collected on the 5-point Likert scale in which high scores mean better adaptation. Another result variable is the amount of SCL-90. High scores mean more symptoms with mental or physical state which stands for lower adaptation level. All the assessment data were input into Foxbase data-base, then were analyzed using factor analysis and cluster analysis in order to attain different kinds of college students coping styles. Correlation analysis was used to examine the correlation between coping style and adaptation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Coping styles of college students and correlation between different coping styles and adaptation results.RESULTS: A total of 422 copies of questionnaires were sent out, and 362 copies were drawn back, 19 copies were invalid questionnaires due to either there were missing answers or the answer had reflective tendency. At last, 343 sets of data entered the analysis procedure. ① According to factor analysis results, the main coping styles used by college students were F1 (seeking support), F2(positive thinking), F3(cognitive adjustment), F4(passive blame oneself), F5(facing reality), F6(avoidance), F7(emotional catharsis).There were three main coping styles from cluster analysis, that was, A (positive confrontation), B (passive avoidance) and C(passive catharsis).② Those who were more adaptive used A coping style more frequently, and those who had lower adaptation level used B or C coping style more frequently. But few students used C coping style. A coping style was significantly negatively correlated with mental or physical symptoms (r= -0.258,P＜ 0.01 ),but significantly positively correlated with adaptation level (r =0.467, P ＜ 0.01);But both B and C coping styles were significantly positively correlated with mental or physical symptoms (r=0.338, 0.364, P ＜ 0.01 ), B coping style was significantly negatively correlated with psychological adaptation(r =-0.140, P ＜ 0.05). It seemed that C coping style had no correlation with long-term adaptation. A and C coping styles were two dependent styles respectively. In addition, different levels of stress were significantly correlated with three styles. Few A coping styles were used under high level of stress, but more B and C coping styles did.CONCLUSION: Coping style is complex. Use of different copying styles is significantly correlated with psychological adaptation levels. But the direction of correlation is effected by the factors, such as individuals, index of results and degree of stress.

Objective To explore the potential mechanism of severe liver injury shortly after withdrawal of antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.Methods Forty-nine patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection from the Department of Infectious Diseases of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University and 8 healthy volunteers from August 2014 to March 2015 were included in this study.All of them were human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-positive.CHB patients were classified into three groups,including 15 cases in immune-tolerance group,20 cases in sustained antiviral treatment group,and 14 cases in recurrence of drug withdrawal group.The frequency of peripheral HLA-A0201-restricted hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg)18-27 pentamer complex specific CD8+ T cells in CHB patients was analyzed by flow cytometry.Enzyme linked immunospot assay(ELISPOT) was used to detect interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretions of HBcAg18-27-specific CD8+ T cells.The experimental data were analyzed using non-parametric U tests.Results In healthy control group,immune-tolerance group,sustained antiviral treatment group and recurrence of drug withdrawal group,the frequencies of HBcAg-specific CD8+T cells were (0.17 ± 0.16) ％,(1.46±0.72)％,(3.24± 1.60)％ and (4.67±2.43)％,respectively.Compared with healthy control group,the difference were all statistically significant in the three groups (Z=-3.583,-4.018 and-3.823,respectively;all P＜0.01).The frequencies of HBcAg-specific CD8+T cells in immune tolerance group or recurrence of drug withdrawal group were both significantly different from that in sustained antiviral therapy group (Z=-3.400 and-2.030,respectively;both P＜0.05).The difference between immune-tolerance group and recurrence of drug withdrawal group was also significant (Z =-3.230,P＜0.01).The secretion levels of IFN-γ of HBcAg-specific CD8+T cells in healthy control group,immune-tolerance group,sustained antiviral treatment group and recurrence of drug withdrawal group were2 (0-6),16 (2-53),106 (14-254) and 156 (28-395) spot forming cell (SFC)/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC),respectively.The differences between healthy control group and immune-tolerance group,sustained antiviral treatment group or recurrence of drug withdrawal group were all statistically significant (Z=-3.585,-4.069 and-3.824,respectively;all P＜0.01).The IFN-γ level of HBcAg-specific CD8+ T cells in recurrence of drug withdrawal group was significantly higher than that in sustained antiviral therapy group (Z=-2.205,P=0.027),and that in sustained antiviral therapy group was significantly higher than that in immune-tolerance group (Z=-4.700,P＜ 0.01).The TNF-α levels secreted by HBcAg-specific CD8+ T cells in each group were 2 (0-5),16 (2-32),112 (15-283),and 195 (55-537) SFC/106PBMC,respectively.The differences between healthy control group and immune-tolerance group,sustained antiviral treament group or recurrence of drug withdrawal group were all statistically significant (Z=-3.619,-4.069 and-3.824,respectively;all P＜0.01).The TNF-α level secreted by HBcAg-specific CD8+T cells in recurrence of drug withdrawal group was significantly higher than that in sustained antiviral therapy group (Z=-2.449,P=0.014),and that in sustained antiviral therapy group was significantly higher than that in immune-tolerance group (Z=-4.350,P＜0.01).Conclusions The changes of frequency and immune function of HBcAg-specific CD8+T cells in CHB patients may be one of the reasons causing severe liver damage after irregular withdrawal of nucleoside analogues.

Objective To determine the in vitro antifungal effects of closantel against Candida albicans.Methods A microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)of fluconazole alone and in combination with closantel against Candida albicans standard strain CAF-2.Ten strains of Candida albicans were cultured in RPMI-1640 liquid culture containing 10％ calf serum with or without the presence of closantel at 16 mg/L,followed by the observation of hypha formation.Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to observe the ultrastructure of Candida albicans CAF-2 strain after exposure to closantel at 16 mg/L for 24 hours.Results Closantel could inhibit the growth of Candida albicans,and enhance the antifungal effect of fluconazole against Candida albicans in vitro.The percentage of Candida albicans forming hypha was 91.2％ ± 3.9％ in untreated Candida albicans,significantly higher than that in closantel-treated Candida albicans (29.8％ ± 5.1％,t =30.24,P ＜ 0.05).As TEM showed,closantel-treated Candida albicans gave a round,oval or pleomorphic appearance,with an irregular budding from the cell surface.Further more,the electron dense layer in the outer layer of cell wall was absent or unevenly distributed,the transparent layer was irregularly thickened,some cell membrane was locally disrupted or collapsed,and intracellular vacuoles increased after closantel treatment.Scanning microscopy revealed a rough surface,sparse and irregular budding of Candida albicans after treatment with closantel.Conclusion Closantel exhibits a promising anti-Candida albicans property in vitro.

Objective To evaluate the role of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) in preoperative evaluation of the depth of invasion in rectal carcinoma.Methods Fifty-eight cases with rectal carcinoma confirmed by pathology underwent TRUS before surgery.Preoperative staging was performed using the T staging system on the basis of TRUS sonogram.The T staging results by TRUS were compared with those of postoperative pathologic staging.Results The preoperative overall accuracy rate of TRUS was 82.76％ (48/58).The diagnostic accuracy rates in T1-T4 stage by TRUS were 94.83％(55/58),86.21％(50/58),86.21％ (50/58) and 98.28％ (57/58).Staging rectal carcinoma with TRUS showed better consistency with postoperative pathologic staging.Conclusions TRUS has a better accuracy in preoperative evaluation of the depth of invasion in rectal carcinoma.TRUS is an important factor in rational treatment.

The clinical data of 31 patients with delayed hemothorax between August 2003 to November 2010 was retrospectively analyzed. All patients had chest pain, difficult breathing in 14 cases (45％), heart rate increased in 19 patients (61％), fever in 16 cases (52％), abdomen pain in 3 patients (10％), and shock in 1 case (3％).Haemothorax was medium to massive and combined with pneumothorax in 9 cases. Twenty one patients received closed chest drainage, 4 recieved chest puncture to eliminate fluid, 5 were treated conservatively, and 1 had surgery for diaphragmatic hernia and hemorrhage.All patients recovered eventually. The key of diagnosis and treatment for delayed hemothorax is to take chest X-ray for patients with rib fractures in 2 to 9 days after chest trauma, and carefully observing the changes of chest signs, breathing, heart rate and body temperature.

[Objective]To explore the correlation of the expression of alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)mRNA in the peripheral blood and postoperative survival and metastasis of patients with liver cancer.[Methods] A total of 66 patients with liver cancer who received radical resection surgery from January 2005to December 2006 was enrolled in this study.The cell total RNA was extracted from peripheral blood and the expression of AFP mRNA was detected by nested PCR.All the patients were followed up for 60 months after surgery.[Results]The expression rate of AFP mRNA in the peripheral blood was 40.91％(27/66).The expression of AFP mRNA in the peripheral blood in patients with liver cancer was significantly related to microvascular invasion and metastasis(P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01),but the expression had no relationship with sex,age,HBV infection,cirrhosis,AFP concentration,tumour size and number,and Edmondson grading(P＞0.05).The overall 1,2,and ＞ 3 years survival rates of patients with positive AFP mRNA after surgery were 66.7％(18/27),38.9％(7/18),28.6％(2/7),respectively.The overall 1,2,and ≥3 years survival rates of patients with negative AFP mRNA after surgery were 84.6％(33/39),60.6％(20/33),45.0％(9/20).There was statistical significance between the survival rates of AFP mRNA-negative patients and AFP mRNApositive patients(P ＜ 0.01).[Conclusions] The detection of AFP mRNA in the peripheral blood may provide clue for early microscopic metastasis.It can be a prediction index for postoperative recurrence.

OBJECTIVE: To probe into a construction model of TCM resource science meeting the need of teaching practice and fitting for teaching and education, which focuses on the both characteristics of TCM and nature of resource. METHODS: Guided by "the three basic key points" theory, the content of the construction of TCM resource science are analyzed, such as foundational theories, elementary knowledge and basic skills, etc., considering academic characteristics and position, write of textbook. RESULTS: Based on current demand, theory analysis, content of system and advantages of the construction of TCM resource science, the new idea characterized with teaching being harmonious with education was put forward and fit for "the three basic key points" theory. CONCLUSIONS: The construction model of TCM resource science is an efficient and technical way to meet the demand of teaching.

Objective: To study the relationship between different patterns of invasion and extracapsular spread in lymph node metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma of tongue. Methods: Pattern of invasion described by Anneroth was used to evaluate the malignance grade of tongue cancer and immunohistochemical and HE staining were used to detect the extracapsular spread in successive cases of tongue cancer with radical neck dissection. Results: Lymph node metastasis was observed in 0/5 of the cases with pattern I invasion,3/8 pattern II,5/6 pattern III and 1/1 pattern Ⅳ. Extracapsular spread occurred as totally or partly replacement of the lymph node by the tumourcells. The tumour cells infiltrated between lymph nodes, perinodal fibroadipose tissue or sternocleidmastoid muscle in the form of cell cluster or isolated cell. Conclusion: Pattern of invasion is a significant factor for evaluating the malignance grading of tongue cancer. Radical neck dissection should be used to treat the tongue cancer with pattern III or IV invasion.