OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for rational use of antibacterials. METHODS:Taking 69 hospitals of Beijing, Tianjin,Shanghai,Hangzhou,Guangzhou,Chengdu as samples,the data about the purchase and application of antibacterials in outpatient department were collected during 2009 to 2013,and analyzed in terms of the proportion of the amount of antibacterials in all chemical drugs,the number of antibacterials among top 80% chemical drugs in the list of consumption sum and their variet-ies number,the utilization rate of antibacterials in outpatient prescription,the percentage of two and more antibiotics combination in outpatient antibiotics prescriptions,the proportion of antibiotics use,etc. RESULTS:The proportion of average purchase amount of antibacterials in chemical drugs decreased from 20.97 % in 2009 to 14.17 % in 2013;the number of antibacterials among top 80% chemical drugs in the list of consumption sum decreased from 43 in 2009 to 34 in 2013;the average utilization rate of outpa-tient antibacterials decreased from 23.22 % in 2009 to 16.11 % in 2013;there was statistical significance(P<0.05). The varieties of antibacterials decreased from 78 kinds in 2009 decreased to 54 kinds in 2012(P<0.05),but rise to 66 kinds in 2013;the per-centage of two and more antibacterials combination in outpatient antibacterials prescriptions decreased fron 9.02% in 2009 to 7.35% in 2012 (P<0.05),rise to 12.89% in 2013. The utilization ratio of antibacterials injection in outpatient antibacterials pre-scriptions had no significant change. The utilization of antibacterials in tertiary hospitals from 6 districts was analyzed;cephalospo-rin had ranked the first place,and almost occupied half part of antibacterials but declined;the utilization rate of antibacterials for special use was on the rise. CONCLUSIONS:After 3 years of antibacterials special rectification,and the utilization of antibacteri-als in 6 districts as Beijing have been improved significantly;however,several index have little improvements,and some rebound-ed in 2013,so this activities needs to establish long-term mechanism of continuous supervision.

Inorganic/polymer hybrid star polylactic acid (POSS-PLA) was obtained through ring-opening polymerization of lactide by using polyhydroxyl cage silsesquioxane (POSS-OH) as the core and tin (II) octoate as the catalyst. The star polylactic acid (POSS-PLA) was used to modify sodium alginate hydrophobically and a drug carrier was obtained. The drug release behavior was investigated by using ibuprofen as the model drug. The results showed that the drug loading rate could be improved and the release rate was postponed with an increase of POSS-PLA content in the carries. The release mechanism gradually changed from the first-order to the zero-order pattern after the modification.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the operative method and effect of the treatment of acromioclavicular dislocation with steel wire or clavicular hook plate.

METHODSSixty-seven patients were reviewed in the study. In group A 34 patients were treated with steel wire internal fixation including 24 males and 10 females with an average age of 31.2 years ranging from 18 to 52. In group B 33 patients were treated with clavicular hook plate internal fixation including 19 males and 14 females with an average age of 30.9 years ranging from 19 to 50. Compared the time of operation and bleeding and postoperative complications between two groups.

RESULTSThe time of operation was (48.90 +/- 36.56) min in groups A and (79.50 +/- 29.34) min in group B,the time of group A was shorter than that of group. The bleeding during operation was (49.70 +/- 52.36) ml in group A and (121.10 +/- 49.08) ml in group B, the bleeding of group A was less than that of group B. Only 1 case in group A occurenced fixation failing.

CONCLUSIONTreatment of acromioclavicular dislocation with steel wire is a simple and small wounds and effective way.

Acromioclavicular Joint ; injuries ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Bone Plates ; Bone Wires ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; methods ; Humans ; Joint Dislocations ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Steel

To investigate roles of nitric oxide (NO) signal in accumulations of phenolic acids in abscisic.acid (ABA)-induced Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots, S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots were treated with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-an exogenous NO donor, for 6 days, and contents of phenolic acids in the hairy roots are determined. Then with treatment of ABA and NO scavenger (2-(4-carboxy-2-phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1- oxyl-3-oxide, c-PTIO) or NO synthase inhibitor (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME), contents of phenolic acids and expression levels of three key genes involved in phenolic acids biosynthesis were detected. Phenolic acids production in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots was most significantly improved by 100 µmoL/L SNP. Contents of RA and salvianolic acid B increased by 3 and 4 folds. ABA significantly improved transcript levels of PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), TAT (tyrosine aminotransferase) and RAS (rosmarinic acid synthase), and increased phenolic acids accumulations. However, with treatments of ABA+c-PTIO or ABA+L-NAME, accumulations of phenolic acids and expression levels of the three key genes were significantly inhibited. Both NO and ABA can increase accumulations of phenolic acids in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. NO signal probably mediates the ABA-induced phenolic acids production.
Abscisic Acid ; pharmacology ; Benzofurans ; metabolism ; Free Radical Scavengers ; pharmacology ; Hydroxybenzoates ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase ; metabolism ; Plant Roots ; metabolism ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; metabolism ; Tyrosine Transaminase ; metabolism

The purpose of this study is to design push-pull osmotic pump (PPOP) tablets of famotidine using the expert system for the formulation design of osmotic pump of poor water-soluble drug which had been established by the authors. Firstly, the parameters which were requisite of the system input were obtained from literatures and experimental tests. Then the parameters were input into the system, and the program was run. The system displayed the designed formulations sequential. Finally, famotidine PPOP was prepared according to the designed formulations and the in vitro dissolution was carried out. It was found out that the target formulation of famotidine PPOP which could release for 24 hours was obtained in a very short period. Meanwhile, the practicability of the established expert system was proved.

AIM: To explore the protective effect of phytosterol ester (PSE) on aortic aging in rats.ME-THODS: The female SD rats (12 months old, n=42) were randomly divided into control group, model group and PSE group.During the experiment, the rats in control group, model group and PSE group were treated with basic feed, high-fat diet (HFD) and HFD with 2% PSE (W/W) for 6 months, respectively.The morphological changes of the aorta were observed by HE staining and Masson staining, and the absolute area of smooth muscle cells and collagen fiber in the vascular wall were measured by image analysis.The levels of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the plasma were detected.The expression of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) at mRNA and protein levels in the vascular tissue was determined by real time PCR and Western blot, respectively.RESULTS: PSE significantly lowered plasma TC and LDL-C, and increased plasma HDL-C level (P<0.05), but had no effect on plasma TG level.PSE significantly attenuated the thickening of intima and media of aging aortic, and decreased the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and the amount of VSMC and collagen fiber in the aorta (P<0.05).PSE significantly reduced the contents of AGEs and MDA (P<0.05), but had no effect on the activity of SOD and CAT in the plasma.PSE also down-regulated the expression of PPARγ and up-regulated the expression of SIRT1 (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: PSE is able to attenuate the senescence process in the aorta by reducing the production of reactive oxygen species in plasma, and activating SIRT1, or inhibiting the expression of PPARγ in vascular tissues.

Objective To obtain the economic data in the aspects of cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of neonatal congenital hypothyroidism(CH) screening in Foshan City and to make assessment on the effect of screening works.Methods The economic related data were collected by the screening center,literatures,official resources and questionnaire investigation.The statistical tool and Tree Age Pro health decision analysis software were used to conduct the assessment on the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of screening works.Results The screening program invested 17.95 million Yuan in total during 2000-2007,and the gain benefits was 117.69 million Yuan,net benefit was 9 975.52 ten thousand Yuan.The cost-benefit ratio was 1.00∶6.56.Each investing 3 216 Yuan could avoid a disability-adjusted life year.Conclusion The CH screening item has good economic applicability and is worth investing more funding for further promotion and popularization.

Objective To evaluate the reliability of gas sampling from the distal end of the tracheal tube for partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2) monitoring in neonates.Methods A total of 50 fullterm neonates,scheduled for elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia,aged 1-28 days,weighing 2.55-4.00 kg,of ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =25 each) using a random number table:gas samples collected from proximal end of tracheal tube group (group P) and gas samples collected from distal end of tracheal tube group (group D).Epidural catheters of 1 mm in external diameter were used.One end of the catheter was connected to a tube for carbon dioxide sampling,and the other end was inserted into the endotracheal tube and advanced toward the distal hole of the tube.At 15 min of mechanical ventilation,blood samples were collected from the radial artery for record of PETCO2 and for blood gas analysis.Consistency test was performed between PETCO2 and partial pressure of arterial CO2 (PaCO2).Results PET CO2 was significantly lower than PaCO2 in the two groups.There was no significant difference in PaCO2between the two groups.PETCO2 was significantly higher in group D than in group P.Kappa was significantly higher in group D than in group P.Conclusion Gas sampling from the distal end of the tracheal tube is more reliable than gas sampling from the proximal end in monitoring PETCO2 in the neonates.

Objective To investigate the effects and mechanism of glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) receptor agonist liraglutide on the proliferation and apoptosis of human pancreatic cancer cells. Methods The human pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2 was incubated for 24 h with liraglutide at various concentrations (10-1 000 nmol/ L), or with 100 nmol/ L liraglutide for various durations (0-72 h). Cell proliferation was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) analysis. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of related genes. Results GLP-1 receptor was expressed in the MIA PaCa-2 cells. Liraglutide suppressed cell proliferation, up-regulated the expression levels of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and down-regulated the expression levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 in human pancreatic cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Meanwhile, liraglutide down-regulated the expression levels of insulin receptor (INSR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and the phosphorylation levels of their downstream signaling proteins Erk1 / 2 and Akt, in a dose- and time-dependent way. Conclusion Liraglutide inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of human pancreatic cancer cells; the process may be mediated via suppressing the expression of INSR and IGF-1R and inhibiting activation of the downstream MEK/ Erk1 / 2 and PI3k/ Akt pathways.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of color Doppler ultrasound in perforating vein closure by foam sclerotherapy for the treatment of venous leg ulcer.Methods Choosing the patients with venous ulcers (classified as C6) that underwent superficial and perforating veins closure by ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy in the Department of Vascular Surgery,First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,during December 2014 to August 2016.All patients were followed up by color Doppler scanning for veins closure,and the postoperative healing of skin ulcers were observed at the same time.Results A total of 114 patients with 119 limbs were enrolled,which were confirmed 1-3 perforating vein lesions by ultrasound.An average of 2.1 perforators were closed per leg (1-3 perforators).The average follow-up period was 11.3 months (1-21 months).The healing rate is 100％ and all the insufficient perforating veins were occlusion 1 month postoperative.Three cases of ulcer recurrence,and 8 cases of insufficient perforator recanalization were found.Serious complications did not appear.Conclusions Color doppler ultrasound can improve the safety and efficacy of perforating vein closure by foam sclerotherapy for the treatment of venous leg ulcer,and it has a high clinical value.