Objective To investigate the effects of serum brain natriuretic peptide(BNP), procalcitonin (PCT) and lung function by tiotropium bromide combined with aminophylline in the treatment of senile chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Methods A total of 82 cases of elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) were collected and randomly divided into experimental group and control group with 41 cases in each group.Patients in the control group were treated by conventional treatment; patients in the experimental group were treated on the basis of the control group with tiotropium bromide combined with aminophylline.The lung function, respiratory condition and serum levels of PCT, BNP before and after treatment were determined, and the clinical efficacy and safety was compared.Results The effective rate of the control group (68.29%) was lower than the experimental group (87.80%) , with statistical significance ( P<0.05 ); compared with the control group after treatment, the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1%pre of the experimental group significantly increased, dyspnea score decreased, 4 min walking test increased, serum PCT and BNP levels decreased in the experimental group, with statistical significance ( P<0.05 ). Conclusion Tiotropium bromide combined with aminophylline in the treatment of senile chronic obstructive pulmonary disease could reduce the serum BNP and PCT levels and improve lung function.

Objective To evaluate the levels of high-sensitivity-CRP(hs-CRP),interleukin-10(IL-10) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).Methods Fifty cases with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome from Jul.2012 to Dec.2013 in the People's Hospital of Pudong New Area were selected as our subjects,of which,22 patients were with mild-moderate OSAHS and 28 patients were with severe OSA.Twenty-seven health people were served as control group.The levels of hs-CRP,IL-10 were measured.Information of sleep study and other clinical characteristics were collected.Results There were no significant differences in terms of age,hip circumference and waist-to-hipratio (WHR) among three groups (P ＞0.05).Body mass index (BMI),neck circumference,waist circumference,Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI),the lowest arterial oxygen saturation(SaO2％) and hs-CRP in mild,severe OSA and control group were (28.01 ±3.41),(28.55±2.87) and (5.51±3.28) kg/m2,(41.18±4.37),(41.46±3.32) and (38.76±2.66) cm,(101.86±8.05),(102.32±7.97) and (94.56±10.25) cm,(44.55±16.26),(10.54±7.08) and (2.02 ±1.51) time/h,(85.05±6.40)％,(72.85±15.07)％,(88.59±3.43)％,(8.35±2.71),(9.19±2.85),(7.06 ± 1.30) mg/L,and the differences were significant(P＜0.05).In patients with OSA,SaO2％ was related to BMI (r =-0.274,P =0.027) and AHI (r =-0.651,P ＜ 0.001).Level of hs-CRP was associated with AHI (r =0.336,P =0.006) and BMI (r =0.247,P =0.047),and weakly associated with IL-10 concentrations.Conclusion Levels of hs-CRP is an important inflammation marker of OSAHS severity.However,levels of IL-10 shows an increasing in mild-moderate OSA patients,then decreasing in patients with severe OSA.

BACKGROUND: As a result of immature brain of children and their imperfect blood brain barrier, improper clinical treatment would affect growth and development of children. It is fully important to perform further investigation on immature brain injury induced neurodegeneration.OBJECTIVE: To observe the ultramicrostructure of neurons in homolateral parietal cortex and hippocampus in newborn 7-day SD rat with contusion of parietal cortex.DESIGN: Completely randomized controlled trial.SETTING: Laboratories of Nerve Morphology and Cytobiology, Medical College of Shanghai Jiaotong University; Electron Microscope Room of Institute for Physiology, Chinese Academy of Science.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed in Teaching and Research Section of Anatomy, Laboratories of Nerve Morphology and Cytobiology ofShanghai Second Medical University (Medical College of Shanghai Jiaotong University; Electron Microscope Room of Institute for Physiology of Chinese Academy of Science from October 2002 to June 2003. A total of 19newborn 7-day SD rats were randomly divided into experimental group, operation control group and normal control group with 15, 2 and 2 in each group respectively.METHODS: In experimental group, free-fall device for brain injury was used for establishing model of contusion of parietal cortex in newborn 7-day SD rat. Anesthesia and scalp incision were conducted, without using free-fall device in operation control group. But above procedures were not carried out in normal control group. The changes of ultramicrostructure were observed under transmission electron microscope after routine treatment of electron microscopic samples.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ultramicrostructure of neurons in homolateral parietal cortex and hippocampus.RESULTS: All the 19 rats entered results analysis. ① There were two sorts of morphological changes in neurons in experimental group. One was evident swelling of dendrites and bodies of neurons, accompanied with the changes of organelles. In the early stage, expansion of endoplasmic reticulum cisterna could be observed and mitochondria became compact and concentrated. Then, vacuolization of endoplasmic reticulum, progressive swelling and vacuolization of mitochondria, dissociation of polysomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum and scattering of them in cytoplasm could be seen. Changes of nucleolus presented after significant changes of cytoplasm. Nuclear chromatin clustered together under karyotheca and arranged as clockface, which were some masses with irregular contours gathering to the center. Axons were almost normal. The other was concentration of cytoplasm and nucleolus with vacuolizations of unequal size in cytoplasm. ②There was no abnormal change in neurons in homolateral parietal cortex and hippocampus both in operation control group and normal control group.CONCLUSION: Swelling of brain cell and concentration of cytoplasm and nucleolus after brain injury play important roles in brain injury-induced neurodegeneration of immature rats.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of Compound pueraria tablets on the kidney tissues of diabetic nephropathy rats. METHODS:High sugar and lipid diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin were used to establish the model of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Normal control group was established. Model rats were randomly divided into model control group, positive control group(Irbesartan tablet),Compound pueraria tablets low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose [0.102,0.203,0.406 g/(kg·d)] groups(n were 8-10). The corresponding drugs were given,and fasting blood glucose(FBG)and 24 h urinary protein (Upro) were collected at 1st,14th,28th,42nd,56th day after treatment. SCr,BUN,TC,TG and KI were detected,and renal pathology was observed after the last dose. RESULTS:Compared with normal group,FBG of those groups were all increased after modeling,and 24 h Upro of them were all increased after 28th day (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with model control group, FBG of Compound pueraria tablets medium-dose and high-dose groups were all decreased since 42nd day (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and 24 h Upro of Compound pueraria tablets groups were all decreased since 28th day(P<0.05 or P<0.01);BUN,TC,TG and KI of Compound pueraria tablets in medium-dose and high-dose groups were all decreased significantly,and SCr of 3 dose groups were all increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The morphological structure of renal cells was improved significantly in drug treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS:Compound pueraria tablets can correct lipid metabolism disorder,reduce Upro and improve renal func-tion,indicating certain protective effect on the kidney tissues of diabetic nephropathy rats.

OBJECTIVE:To study the effect of Compound pueraria tablets on osteoporosis model rats induced by retinoic acid. METHODS:The osteoporosis model was induced by intragastric administration of retinoic acid solution for 15 days;normal group was established. After modeling,the rats were randomly divided into model control group,Xianling gubao capsule [0.32 g/(kg·d)] positive control group,Compound pueraria tablets low-dose and high-dose [0.24,0.4 g/(kg·d)] groups (n=8). After 6 weeks of ig,the serum sample was collected to determine the levels of serum calcium(s-Ca),serum phosphorus(s-P),ALP and bone gla protein (BGP);bone density instrument was used to detect the contents of bone mineral density (BMD),bone mineral content (BMC),bone image area (BIA) and muscle content (MC);the results of compact bone substance scanning were observed. RE-SULTS:Compared with normal group,the levels of s-Ca,BMD,BMC and MC in rats were decreased in model control group, while the level of BGP was increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with model control group,related index and compact bone substance scanning of Compound pueraria tablets groups were all improved;the levels of s-Ca,s-P,ALP,BMD and MC were in-creased in Compound pueraria tablets high-dose group,while the level of BGP was decreased;the levels of BMD and MC were in-creased significantly in Compound pueraria tablets low-dose group(P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Compound pueraria tab-lets can improve the osteoporosis induced by retinoic acid in rats.

OBJECTIVE:To establish the method for simultaneous determinations of rutin,forsythin and platycodin D in Sangju ganmao pills.METHODS:HPLC-MS method was adopted.The determination was performed on Waters Atlantis C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.1％ formic acid (gradient elution) at the flow rate of 0.2 mL/min.The column temperature was set 35 ℃,and sample size was 10 μL.The ionization mode was electrospray ion,and the reaction mode was multi-reaction monitoring.By positive ion detection mode,the drying gas and nebuliser gas were all high purity nitrogen.The drying gas temperature was 270 ℃.The drying gas flow rate was 25 L/min.The sheath gas flow rate was 10 L/min.The capillary voltage was 4 500 V.The nozzle voltage was 2 000 V and the scanning time was 0.1 s.RESULTS:The linear range of rutin,forsythin and platycodin D were 0.010 82-2.164 μg/mL (r=0.999 7),0.010 18-2.036 μg/mL (r=0.999 4),0.010 27-2.054 μg/mL (r=0.999 7),respectively The limits of quantification were 1.250,0.260,2.720 ng/mL,and the limits of detection were 0.380,0.078,0.820 ng/mL.RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were all no more than 3.0％.The recoveries were 97.88％-99.88％ (RSD=0.72％,n=6),98.48％-103.13％ (RSD=1.91％,n=6),98.79％-101.41％ (RSD=1.05％,n=6).CONCLUSIONS:This method is simple,precise,stable and reproducible,and can be used for simultaneous determination of rutin,forsythin and platycodin D in Sangju ganmao pills.

Objective To observe the effects of Banxia Xiexin Decoction on intestinal microbes and 5-HT in ulcerative colitis(UC)model mice induced by drinking sodium dextran sulfate(DSS),and to analyze the mechanism of Banxia Xiexin Decoction in treating UC from the perspective of brain-gut axis.Methods 40 male C57BL6/J mice were randomly divided into control group,model group,positive drug(mesalazine)group and Banxia Xiexin decoction group.All mice except control group were induced by 2.5%DSS solution for 7 days to establish UC model.From the 8th day,mice in the above groups were given intragastric administration of sterilized water,mesalazine aqueous solution and Banxia Xiexin decoction aqueous solution.HE staining was used to observe histopathological changes of colon,ELISA to detect 5-HT content in serum,colon and brain tissues,and 16S rRNA sequencing to further detect the changes of fecal flora in model mice.Results Compared with model group,DAI index of experimental mice model group was significantly decreased after Banxia Xiexin Decoction intervention(P<0.05);IL-2,IL-4 and IFN-γ were significantly recovered(P<0.05).The histopathological score of proximal and distal colon was significantly decreased(P<0.01).Moreover,the peripheral 5-HT level was significantly decreased(P<0.05),but the central had an increasing trend.Results of intestinal flora showed that the relative abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1,unclassified_p__Firmicutes increased(P<0.05),while Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group,Lachnoclostridium,norank_f__Oscillospiraceae and Eubacterium_xylanophilum_group decreased(P<0.05).It was also found that there were significant correlations between intestinal microflora and peripheral and central 5-HT levels.Conclusion Banxia Xiexin Decoction could play a role in treating ulcerative colitis by improving the intestinal microbial composition structure of UC mice to reduce peripheral 5-HT levels and increase central 5-HT levels,thereby improving intestinal inflammatory response and relieving anxiety.

ObjectiveTo investigate the pathogenic spectrum and molecular characteristics of infectious diarrhea among children in Putuo District of Shanghai from 2018 to 2023， and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of infectious diarrhea in children. MethodsFecal samples from the cases visited sentinel hospitals for children’s diarrheal disease in Putuo District， Shanghai， were collected from January 2018 to December 2023. A total of 11 species of bacteria were isolated and cultured， and 5 species of viruses were detected by real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. The molecular typing of some positive strains was analyzed by the standard pulsed-field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） method. The polymerase-capsid protein linkage region of some norovirus-positive samples was amplified by reverse transcription PCR， and was sequenced and analyzed by bioinformatics software. The Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact probability test were used to compare the pathogen-positive rates in 2018‒2019 and 2020‒2023. ResultsOf the 707 cases of children with infectious diarrhea， the total positive rate was 47.67%， with a single bacterial positivity rate of 16.27%， a single viral positivity rate of 22.63%， and a mixed positivity rate of 8.77%， respectively. The dominant pathogens were rotavirus （10.75%）， norovirus （10.33%）， enteropathogenic Escherichia coli （8.06%）， Salmonella （6.36%）， enteroaggregative Escherichia coli （5.52%）， and Campylobacter （5.23%）. Bacterial infections were predominant in summer and fall， and viral infections were predominant in winter and spring. The total positive rate decreased in 2020‒2023 compared with that of 2018‒2019 （χ²=5.753，P<0.05）. Thirty-seven strains of Salmonella， 81 strains of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli， and 19 strains of Campylobacter were completed for the molecular typing analysis by PFGE， which were classified into 28， 80 and 18 banding types， respectively， with a wide range of banding similarity. Nineteen copies of norovirus GⅡ group gene sequences were analyzed and classified into 5 genotypes， which were mainly GⅡ.Pe-GⅡ.4 and GⅡ.P16-GⅡ.2 types. ConclusionRotavirus， norovirus， diarrheagenic Escherichia coli， Salmonella， and Campylobacter are the dominant pathogens of infectious diarrhea in children in Putuo District of Shanghai. The pathogen spectrum shows a trend of seasonal epidemic characteristics， with a diversity of molecular characteristics of some pathogens. Surveillance and monitoring on molecular characteristics of the pathogens of infectious diarrhea in children should be strengthened in different seasons， so as to provide a laboratory basis for the prevention and control of infectious diarrhea.

OBJECTIVE：To establish a meth od for the simultaneous determination of 7 active components in Mori Australis Cortex and Mori Cortex from different sources in Chongqing area ，so as to provide reference for improving the quality control standards of Mori Australis Cortex and Mori Cortex and comparing the equivalence of their quality. METHODS ：HPLC method was used to determine the contents of neochlorogenic acid ，mulberroside A ，chlorogenic acid ，astragalin，kaempferol，morusin and isoquercetin in 58 batches of Mori Australis Cortex and Mori Cortex. The chromatographic column was Diamonsil C 18 with mobile phase consisted of 0.1％ formic acid solution-acetonitrile （gradient elution ） at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was 280 nm，column temperature was 30 ℃，and the injection volume was 10 μL. Using SPSS 22.0 software， independent sample t-test，principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to analyze the content difference of the above-mentioned 7 active components in Mori Australis Cortex and Mori Cortex. RESULTS ：There was a good linear relationship between the peak area and the concentration of the above 7 active components （r≥0.999 0）. The RSDs of precision ，stability（24 h），repeatability，durability and recovery were less than 3％. The average contents of neochlorogenic acid ，mulberroside A ， chlorogenic acid ， astragalin， kaempferol， morusin and 023-58576130。E-mail：1025473978@qq.com isoquercetin in Mori Australis Cortex were 0.304，22.462， 1.730，1.308，1.593，2.842 and 0.657 mg/g，respectively. Those of Mori Cortex were 0.305，22.995，2.486，2.438， 2.916，4.158 and 1.264 mg/g，respectively. The results of independent sample t-test showed that only the content of kaempferol in the above 7 active components of Mori Australis Cortex and Mori Cortex had significant difference （P＜0.05）. The results of principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the contents of above 7 active components between Mori Australis Cortex and Mori Cortex. CONCLUSIONS：The established HPLC method is simple ，sensitive and accurate ，which can provide a reference for improving the quality control standard of Mori Australis Cortex and Mori Cortex. Mori Australis Cortex and Mori Cortex have certain quality equivalence in main active components ，and the Mori Australis Cortex from M. australis and M. cathayana can be used as a substitute for the Mori Cortex.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Anaplasma infections in sheep and goats in Anhui Province in 2020, so as to provide insights into ovine anaplasmosis prevention and control. Methods A total of 355 fresh blood samples were collected from 7 sheep and goat farms in Linquan County of Fuyang City, Lixin County of Bozhou City, Yu'an District of Lu'an City, Wangjiang County of Anqing City, Nanling County of Wuhu City, and Tianchang City and Fengyang County of Chuzhou City in Anhui Province from June to December 2020. A. bovis and A. phagocytophilum 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene, A. ovis major surface protein 4 (MSP4) gene and A. capra citric acid synthase (gltA) gene were amplified using PCR assay in all blood samples, and the prevalence of A. bovis, A. phagocytophilum, A. ovis and A. capra infections was calculated in sheep and goats. In addition, the positive amplification products were sequenced and subjected to genetic evolutionary analysis. Results The overall prevalence of Anaplasma infections was 17.5% (62/355) in sheep and goats in Anhui Province, and the prevalence of A. bovis, A. phagocytophilum, A. ovis and A. capra infections was 2.8% (10/355), 2.5% (9/355), 2.5% (9/355), and 7.0% (25/355), while the prevalence of A. bovis and A. phagocytophilum, A. phagocytophilum and A. ovis, A. phagocytophilum and A. capra and A. bovis, A. phagocytophilum and A. ovis co-infections was 0.8% (3/355), 1.1% (4/355), 0.3% (1/355) and 0.3% (1/355), respectively. No Anaplasma was detected in the sheep and goat farms in Fengyang County, while at least three Anaplasma species were detected in other sheep and goat farms, with co-infections of multiple Anaplasma species identified. The prevalence of Anaplasma infections was 14.7% (24/163) in goats and 19.8% (38/192) in sheep, and the prevalence of Anaplasma infections was 31.0% (31/100) in goats and sheep under 6 months of age, and 12.2% (31/255) in goats and sheep at ages of 6 months and older, respectively. A. bovis, A. phagocytophilum, A. ovis and A. capra were identified in sheep and goats of different breeds and ages. Conclusions Multiple Anaplasma species infections were commonly prevalent in goats and sheep in Anhui Province in 2020, notably A. phagocytophilum, A. ovis and A. capra, which have zoonotic risks. Improved surveillance and prevention and control of Anaplasma infections are required in sheep and goats in Anhui Province.