Patients with knee osteoarthritis increase gradually.Arthroscopic debridement has achieved good results in clinical treatment at home and abroad in recent years.The technology is not only easy to operate at a low cost, it but also can directly improve the internal environment and function of the knee joints, cut off the vicious circle of joint cavity, which can provide a good environment for the normal production of joint fluid after a large amount of saline lavaging knee joint cavity during operation. This review summarizes the clinical curative effect of knee osteoarthritis with arthroscopic debridement in recent five years and provides the guidance and reference for the researchers.

BACKGROUND: Vasorelaxation plays an important role In the occurrence of cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced nephrotoxlcity.OBJECTIVE: To observe the alleviative effects of green tea polyphenols (GTP) on CsA-induced inhibition of vasorelaxation and the underlying mechanisms.METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and evenly divided into four groups: CsA, control, CsA + GTP, and GTP. After 5 weeks of drug treatment, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cre) levels were determined. Then the thoracic aorta rings were mounted on a bath system, and acetylcholine was used to induce vasorelaxation. The effects of L-NAME and indomethacin and the denuded vasorelaxation were evaluated.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The BUN and Cre levels in the CsA group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The maximal response (Emax%) for acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation in the CsA group was significantly lower than that in the control and GTP groups. After pretreatment with L-NAME, vasorelaxation was significantly lower in the CsA,CsA+GTP and GTP groups than in the control group. After pretreatment with indomethacin, vasorelaxation was significantly higher in the control, CsA +GTP, and GTP groups than in the CsA group. The level of nitric oxide metabolites in the vascular tissue in the CsA group was significantly lower compared with other groups. The results demonstrated that CsA can decrease nitric oxide levels in vascular tissues and induce abnormal endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, which is mediated by nitric oxide pathway.

BACKGROUND: Compound betamethasone injection has been widely used to treat intervertebral disc herniation, but its precise mechanism remains unclear.
OBJECTIVE: To explore effects of local injection of compound betamethasone on substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of rat models undergoing autologous transplantation of nucleus pulposus.
METHODS: A total of 36 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: blank group, model group, sham surgery group, and western medicine group, with 9 rats in each group. After 1 week of adaptive feeding, rat models of autologous transplantation of nucleus pulposus were established in the model and western medicine groups. At 3, 7 and 12 days after surgery, the rats were given 128.25 μL saline in the model and sham surgery groups. The rats in the western medicine group were administered Betamethason Compound Injection 13.5 μL + 2% Lidocaine Injection 67.5 μL. At 12 hours after final administration, L4-6 segments of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion were obtained, and substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide contents in L4-6 segments of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion were determined using immunofluorescence staining.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Significant differences in mean fluorescence intensity of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide were detected in rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion in each group (P < 0.01). Further paired comparison showed that compared with the blank and sham surgery groups, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide contents were significantly higher in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion in the model group (P < 0.01), which verified that models could be replicated and were reliable. Compared with the model and sham surgery groups, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide contents were significantly lower in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion of rats in the western medicine group (P < 0.01). Above results confirmed that Compound Betamethasone Injection for treating lumbar intervertebral disc herniation eliminated substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in dorsal root ganglion possibly by inhibiting dorsal root ganglion neuron synthesis and secreting substance P and reduced their transmission to the spinal cord, resulting in inhibiting and lessening pain.

Objective To investigate the effect of astaxanthin( ASX)on endothelial progenitor cells( EPCs)injury induced by oxidative stress in vitro and to explore its underlying mechanism. Methods Cultured EPCs isolated from peripheral blood were randomly divided into 5 groups:normal control,model group[ tert-butyl hydroperoxide( tBHP)100μmol·L-1 ],and ASX+tBHPgroups(thecellswerepreconditionedwithASX0.1,1.0,and10.0nmol·L-1,respectively).Thecellviabilitywas measured by MTT method. The level of reactive oxygen species( ROS)was determined by DCFH-DA method. The changes of mitochondrial membrane potential( MMP)and apoptosis ratio were detected by JC-1 method and DAPI method,respectively. caspase-3 activity changes of EPCs were detected. Results The cell viability of EPCs was improved with the increasing concentration of ASX. Compared with the model group[(48. 5±4. 3)%],0. 1,1. 0,10. 0 nmol·L-1 ASX significantly increased the cell viabilities[(57. 6±8. 2)%,(77. 6±7. 5)%,and(85. 3±6. 1)%,P﹤0. 05]. The results of DAPI staining revealed that ASX pretreatment could significantly reduce the apoptotic rate of EPCs. The apoptotic rate of the model group was( 27. 8 ± 3. 2)%,while that of ASX+tBHP groups was[(20. 4±2. 9)%,(14. 9±1. 7)%,and(7. 8±0. 7)%,P﹤0. 05],respectively. The data from caspase-3 activity assay indicated that ASX precondition could also remarkably decrease the caspase-3 activity for EPCs. The caspase-3 activity of the model group was(0. 345±0. 018),while that of the ASX+tBHP group were[(0. 291± 0. 013),(0. 209±0. 004),and(0. 169±0. 013),P﹤0. 05],respectively. In addition,treatment with tBHP resulted in an increase of DCF fluorescence,while ASX precondition could decrease the DCF fluorescence,which suggested the accumulation of intercellular ROS for EPCs. Injury of michondrial membrane resulted in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential( MMP). The MMP detected by JC-1 method revealed that compared with model group,pretreatment of ASX inversed the reduction of MMP. Conclusion Astaxanthin inhibits endothelial progenitor cell apoptosis induced by oxidative stress through inhibiting ROS production,improving the mitochondrial function and down-regulating caspase-3 activity.

BACKGROUND:Coronary stent implantation can cause blood vessel damage and wal reconstruction, leading to vascular stent restenosis. Studies have found that visfatin is associated with inflammatory reaction, and exhibits an increased expression at the site of plaque rupture in acute myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the influence of percutaneous coronary intervention on the levels of visfatin in patients with coronary heart disease. METHODS:Thirty patients with acute myocardial infarction within 12 hours after the onset of the chest pain, 30 patients with unstable pectoris and 30 patients with stable angina pectoris were included. Al patients were successfuly treated by percutaneous coronary intervention. Meanwhile, 30 patients only undergoing coronary angiography but not stenting treatment were selected, and another 30 patients without any treatment served as normal control group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:According to enzyme-linked immunosorbent method, the visfatin levels of acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, stable angina and coronary angiography groups continue to rise at pre-operation, 30 minutes, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours after operation, al of which were higher than that in the normal control group (P < 0.05). The results confirmed that within 24 hours after coronary stent implantation the visfatin levels continue to rise.

Objective To evaluate angiogenesis of the benign and malignant solid thyroid nodules with color Doppler ultrasound and immunohistochemistry staining. Methods Fifty-six solid thyroid nodules in 55 patients (28 papillary thyroid cancer, 23 goiter, 4 adenoma, 1 Hashimoto' s disease) were observed before surgery with color Doppler ultrasound. Pathological specimens of paraffin-embedded were immunohistochemically stained with CD34 and VEGF antibody. Results There were significant differences between the benign and malignant thyroid nodules in vascular morphology and regional rich blood flow. The irregular or less irregular vessels were found in 75 % of the malignant nodules. Regional rich blood flow or suspicious regional rich blood flow were found in 64. 3% of malignant nodules. The regular vessels were found in 89. 3% of the benign nodules, non-regional rich blood flow was found in 71.4% of the benign nodules. The number of CD34 in malignant lesions [(37.31 ± 11.55)/HP] was significantly higher than benign lesions [(29. 02 ± 8.32)/HP, P = 0.04]. There was a significantly difference of VEGF expression between the benign and malignant nodules which was higher in malignant nodules than in benign nodules(P ＜ 0.01). Conclusions Compared with the benign nodules, the vessles in malignant thyroid nodules were irregular,the distribution of vessles was asymmetry and angiogenesis was active.

Background and purpose:Three-dimensional power Doppler angiography (3D-PDA) is a new technique to investigate the vessels in the organs, but the research in thyroid is limited. The purpose of this research was to investigate three-dimensional power Doppler angiography (3D-PDA) in differentiating malignant from benign thyroid nod-ules.Methods:This study prospectively evaluated 103 lesions in 94 patients who were scheduled for surgery. The patients underwent preoperative 3D-PDA scanning. Analysis of the 3D-PDA characteristics includes blood flow pattern, the num-ber of blood vessels, the shape of vessels, the spatial distribution of the vessels, the existence of rich local blood flow within nodules or in the parenchyma surrounding the nodules. This study also analyzed the difference between the benign lesions and the malignant lesions.Results:There were 50 benign lesions and 53 malignant lesions. The sensitivity and specificity of irregular vessels, the asymmetry spatial distribution, rich local blood flow within nodules or in the parenchyma surround-ing the nodules were 64.2%, 96.0%; 56.0%, 88.0%; 54.7%, 96.0%; 60.4% and 94.0%, respectively. The sensitivity, speci-ficity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of 3D-PDA were 83.0%, 94.0%, 93.6%, 83.9% and 90.3%, respectively.Conclusion:3D-PDA provides a useful tool to investigate vascularization of thyroid leisions.This technique is feasible for clinical application and plays an important role in diagnosis of thyroid nodules.

BACKGROUND:Differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels is induced by integrated factors.In vitro interaction of cytokine complex and certain cel mechanical stimulation is carried out to further improve the efficiency of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels differentiating into nucleus pulposus-like cels. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels into nucleus pulposus-like cels induced by transforming growth factor-β1 and insulin-like growth factor-1 under hydrostatic pressure. METHODS: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels from adult rats were separated, cultured and purified in vitro. Passage 3 cels were induced in vitrowith transforming growth factor-β1 and insulin-like growth factor-1 under hydrostatic pressure (hydrostatic pressure group), with transforming growth factor-β1 and insulin-like growth factor-1 under normal pressure (drug group), or with normal culture medium under normal pressure (blank control group). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:At day 14 after culture, polygonal nucleus pulposus-like cels were observed in the hydrostatic pressure group, but irregular cels in the drug group. There was no obvious change in the blank control group. Levels of colagen type II and DNA were higher in the hydrostatic pressure group than the other two groups. These findings indicate that the combination of transforming growth factor-β1 and insulin-like growth factor-1 can successfuly induce the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels into nucleus pulposus-like cels under hydrostatic pressure, and the differentiation efficiency is higher under hydrostatic pressure than under normal pressure.

Objective To copy the mouse aging model with D-galactose,and to investigate the role of Schisandra total lignin (SCL)in the mouse brain tissue aging and its mechanism.Methods 50 mice were radomly divided into control group,model group (100 mg·kg-1 ·d-1),low dose (35 mg·kg-1 ·d-1)of SCL group (SCL-L), middle dose (70 mg· kg-1 · d-1 )of SCL group (SCL-M)and high dose (140 mg· kg-1 · d-1 )of SCL group (SCL-H)(n=10).D-galactose (100 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 )was injected into the mice hypodermically for 10 weeks to induce aging models in all the groups except control group,and 35,70,and 140 mg· kg-1 · d-1 SCL were administered for 10 weeks in SCL groups.The learning and memory abilities were measured by the Water Maze test.The expression levels of Bax,Bcl-2,ubiquitin (Ub),microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)in the brain tissue of the mice in various groups were observed by Western blotting method. The LC3 protein expressions in mouse brain cortex and hippocampus were observed by immunohistochemistry.Results In learning and memory test,compared with control group,the swimming time of the mice in model group was increased (P<0.05),and the number of errors was increased (P<0.05);compared with model group,the swimming time in SCL-L,SCL-M and SCL-H groups was decreased (P<0.05)and the number of errors was also decreased (P<0.05). Compared with control group,the expression level of Bax was increased (P<0.05),the expression level of Bcl-2 was decreased (P<0.05),the expression levels of Ub and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ proteins were increased (P<0.05)in model group;compared with model group,the expression level of Bax was decreased (P<0.05),the expression level of Bcl-2 was incerased (P<0.05),and the expression levels of Ub and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ proteins were decreased (P<0.05)in SCL-L,SCL-M and SCL-H groups.In control group,the neuronal morphology was normal,and none of brown granules were visible in the cytoplasm of mouse brain cortex and hippocampus and the expression of LC3 protein was negative.In model group,the neurons were degeneration,and the number of LC3 protein positive cells in the cerebral cortex and hippocamptal tissue was increased (P<0.05).In SCL-L,SCL-M and SCL-H groups,the number of degenerative neurons was decreased,and the number of LC3 protein positive cells was decreased (P<0.05).Conclusion SCL can inhibit the D-galactose-induced brain tissue aging in the mice, and the mechanism is related to regulating autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: Femoral head necrosis can be induced in adult rabbits when a large dose of steroid has been used for a long time. However, the pathogenesis of steroid-induced femoral head necrosis needs further study.OBJECTIVE: To probe into the mechanism of the disease by light microscope and transmission microscope from morphological perspective based on the model of femoral head necrosis in rabbits.DESIGN: A randomized controlled observation.SETTING: Laboratory of Morphology; Teaching and Research Division of Pathology; Laboratory of Surgery, Weifang Medical College.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Center of Morphology, Weifang Medical College, between March 2002 and March 2003. Totally 40 adult New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into control group (n=10), dexamethasone group (n=10) and horse serum group (n=20).METHODS: Control group was given intravenous injection of normal saline of 10 mL/(kg·d) for 7 consecutive days. Dexamethasone group was given intramuscular injection of dexamethasone of 10 mL/(kg ·d)for 7consecutive days. Horse serum group was given intravenous administration of horse serum of 10 mL/kg; 3 weeks later the same volume of horse serum was injected once again, followed intramuscular injection of dexamethasone of 10 mL/(kg·d)for 7 consecutive days. Inferior sections of cartilage of the femoral head necrosis in the experimental animals were obtained 5 and 10weeks later, and then histological and ultrastructural changes were observed under the light microscope and transmission microscope.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Histo-morphological observation of the animals in each group. ② Ultrastructural changes.RESULTS: All the experimental animals survived and entered the result analysis. ① Histo-morphological observation: The cells of inferior sections of cartilage of the femoral head necrosis of the experimental animals in control group were arranged regularly and had a small volume of elliptical bone cells. The cell body was located at bone lacuna, blood vessel arranged well in the medullary cavity of bone. Lesion haracteristics of femoral head in dexamethasone group and horse serum group were similar:Hematopoietic adipose in the medullary cavity of bone was significantly decreased while fat adipose obviously increased; bone trabecula of metaphysis and the inferior sections of cartilage of femoral head were found with ered, and so was the bone nucleus. The number of lacuna of bone was increased. ② Ultrastructural changes: Normal bone cells in control group were elliptical, located at bone lacuna. Nucleus was at one end of the cell with complete karyotheca and many mitochondria in the cytoplasm. In dexamethasone group and horse serum group there were lipid droplets in the osteocytes, narrowed blood capillary in the medullary cavity of bone and injured vascular endothelial cells.CONCLUSION: Corticotropin can induce necrosis of femoral head; the hormone causes accumulated fat adipose in the medullary cavity of bone.The increased internal pressure in the medullary cavity leads to ischemia of femoral head, thus inducing the necrosis of osteocytes.