Patients with knee osteoarthritis increase gradually.Arthroscopic debridement has achieved good results in clinical treatment at home and abroad in recent years.The technology is not only easy to operate at a low cost, it but also can directly improve the internal environment and function of the knee joints, cut off the vicious circle of joint cavity, which can provide a good environment for the normal production of joint fluid after a large amount of saline lavaging knee joint cavity during operation. This review summarizes the clinical curative effect of knee osteoarthritis with arthroscopic debridement in recent five years and provides the guidance and reference for the researchers.

BACKGROUND: Vasorelaxation plays an important role In the occurrence of cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced nephrotoxlcity.OBJECTIVE: To observe the alleviative effects of green tea polyphenols (GTP) on CsA-induced inhibition of vasorelaxation and the underlying mechanisms.METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and evenly divided into four groups: CsA, control, CsA + GTP, and GTP. After 5 weeks of drug treatment, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cre) levels were determined. Then the thoracic aorta rings were mounted on a bath system, and acetylcholine was used to induce vasorelaxation. The effects of L-NAME and indomethacin and the denuded vasorelaxation were evaluated.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The BUN and Cre levels in the CsA group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The maximal response (Emax%) for acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation in the CsA group was significantly lower than that in the control and GTP groups. After pretreatment with L-NAME, vasorelaxation was significantly lower in the CsA,CsA+GTP and GTP groups than in the control group. After pretreatment with indomethacin, vasorelaxation was significantly higher in the control, CsA +GTP, and GTP groups than in the CsA group. The level of nitric oxide metabolites in the vascular tissue in the CsA group was significantly lower compared with other groups. The results demonstrated that CsA can decrease nitric oxide levels in vascular tissues and induce abnormal endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, which is mediated by nitric oxide pathway.

Objective To investigate the effect of astaxanthin( ASX)on endothelial progenitor cells( EPCs)injury induced by oxidative stress in vitro and to explore its underlying mechanism. Methods Cultured EPCs isolated from peripheral blood were randomly divided into 5 groups:normal control,model group[ tert-butyl hydroperoxide( tBHP)100μmol·L-1 ],and ASX+tBHPgroups(thecellswerepreconditionedwithASX0.1,1.0,and10.0nmol·L-1,respectively).Thecellviabilitywas measured by MTT method. The level of reactive oxygen species( ROS)was determined by DCFH-DA method. The changes of mitochondrial membrane potential( MMP)and apoptosis ratio were detected by JC-1 method and DAPI method,respectively. caspase-3 activity changes of EPCs were detected. Results The cell viability of EPCs was improved with the increasing concentration of ASX. Compared with the model group[(48. 5±4. 3)%],0. 1,1. 0,10. 0 nmol·L-1 ASX significantly increased the cell viabilities[(57. 6±8. 2)%,(77. 6±7. 5)%,and(85. 3±6. 1)%,P﹤0. 05]. The results of DAPI staining revealed that ASX pretreatment could significantly reduce the apoptotic rate of EPCs. The apoptotic rate of the model group was( 27. 8 ± 3. 2)%,while that of ASX+tBHP groups was[(20. 4±2. 9)%,(14. 9±1. 7)%,and(7. 8±0. 7)%,P﹤0. 05],respectively. The data from caspase-3 activity assay indicated that ASX precondition could also remarkably decrease the caspase-3 activity for EPCs. The caspase-3 activity of the model group was(0. 345±0. 018),while that of the ASX+tBHP group were[(0. 291± 0. 013),(0. 209±0. 004),and(0. 169±0. 013),P﹤0. 05],respectively. In addition,treatment with tBHP resulted in an increase of DCF fluorescence,while ASX precondition could decrease the DCF fluorescence,which suggested the accumulation of intercellular ROS for EPCs. Injury of michondrial membrane resulted in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential( MMP). The MMP detected by JC-1 method revealed that compared with model group,pretreatment of ASX inversed the reduction of MMP. Conclusion Astaxanthin inhibits endothelial progenitor cell apoptosis induced by oxidative stress through inhibiting ROS production,improving the mitochondrial function and down-regulating caspase-3 activity.

BACKGROUND: Compound betamethasone injection has been widely used to treat intervertebral disc herniation, but its precise mechanism remains unclear.
OBJECTIVE: To explore effects of local injection of compound betamethasone on substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of rat models undergoing autologous transplantation of nucleus pulposus.
METHODS: A total of 36 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: blank group, model group, sham surgery group, and western medicine group, with 9 rats in each group. After 1 week of adaptive feeding, rat models of autologous transplantation of nucleus pulposus were established in the model and western medicine groups. At 3, 7 and 12 days after surgery, the rats were given 128.25 μL saline in the model and sham surgery groups. The rats in the western medicine group were administered Betamethason Compound Injection 13.5 μL + 2% Lidocaine Injection 67.5 μL. At 12 hours after final administration, L4-6 segments of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion were obtained, and substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide contents in L4-6 segments of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion were determined using immunofluorescence staining.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Significant differences in mean fluorescence intensity of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide were detected in rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion in each group (P < 0.01). Further paired comparison showed that compared with the blank and sham surgery groups, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide contents were significantly higher in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion in the model group (P < 0.01), which verified that models could be replicated and were reliable. Compared with the model and sham surgery groups, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide contents were significantly lower in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion of rats in the western medicine group (P < 0.01). Above results confirmed that Compound Betamethasone Injection for treating lumbar intervertebral disc herniation eliminated substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in dorsal root ganglion possibly by inhibiting dorsal root ganglion neuron synthesis and secreting substance P and reduced their transmission to the spinal cord, resulting in inhibiting and lessening pain.

BACKGROUND: Femoral head necrosis can be induced in adult rabbits when a large dose of steroid has been used for a long time. However, the pathogenesis of steroid-induced femoral head necrosis needs further study.OBJECTIVE: To probe into the mechanism of the disease by light microscope and transmission microscope from morphological perspective based on the model of femoral head necrosis in rabbits.DESIGN: A randomized controlled observation.SETTING: Laboratory of Morphology; Teaching and Research Division of Pathology; Laboratory of Surgery, Weifang Medical College.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Center of Morphology, Weifang Medical College, between March 2002 and March 2003. Totally 40 adult New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into control group (n=10), dexamethasone group (n=10) and horse serum group (n=20).METHODS: Control group was given intravenous injection of normal saline of 10 mL/(kg·d) for 7 consecutive days. Dexamethasone group was given intramuscular injection of dexamethasone of 10 mL/(kg ·d)for 7consecutive days. Horse serum group was given intravenous administration of horse serum of 10 mL/kg; 3 weeks later the same volume of horse serum was injected once again, followed intramuscular injection of dexamethasone of 10 mL/(kg·d)for 7 consecutive days. Inferior sections of cartilage of the femoral head necrosis in the experimental animals were obtained 5 and 10weeks later, and then histological and ultrastructural changes were observed under the light microscope and transmission microscope.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Histo-morphological observation of the animals in each group. ② Ultrastructural changes.RESULTS: All the experimental animals survived and entered the result analysis. ① Histo-morphological observation: The cells of inferior sections of cartilage of the femoral head necrosis of the experimental animals in control group were arranged regularly and had a small volume of elliptical bone cells. The cell body was located at bone lacuna, blood vessel arranged well in the medullary cavity of bone. Lesion haracteristics of femoral head in dexamethasone group and horse serum group were similar:Hematopoietic adipose in the medullary cavity of bone was significantly decreased while fat adipose obviously increased; bone trabecula of metaphysis and the inferior sections of cartilage of femoral head were found with ered, and so was the bone nucleus. The number of lacuna of bone was increased. ② Ultrastructural changes: Normal bone cells in control group were elliptical, located at bone lacuna. Nucleus was at one end of the cell with complete karyotheca and many mitochondria in the cytoplasm. In dexamethasone group and horse serum group there were lipid droplets in the osteocytes, narrowed blood capillary in the medullary cavity of bone and injured vascular endothelial cells.CONCLUSION: Corticotropin can induce necrosis of femoral head; the hormone causes accumulated fat adipose in the medullary cavity of bone.The increased internal pressure in the medullary cavity leads to ischemia of femoral head, thus inducing the necrosis of osteocytes.

ObjectiveTo explore the efficacy and safety of percutaneous antegrade stenting in the treatment of ureteral obstruction after renal transplantation.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 11patients with renal graft ureteral obstruction (2 cases of acute obstruction and 9 cases of chronic obstruction) from March 2009 to March 2011.The etiology of the obstruction was renal graft-ureter-bladder anastomotic stricture in 5 cases,stone obstruction in 2 cases,and undetermined in 4 cases.Renal graft and collecting system were examined by ultrasonography preoperatively to select suitable puncture position,and then ureteropyelography was performed under X-ray guidance.When the obstruction location was clear,the urology guidewire was implanted to the bladder by needle,and then guidewire was released by cystoscopy.Ureteral stent was implanted along the guidewire,and upper ureteral stents was observed under X-ray. After removal of guidewire,the stent location was confirmed once again.The renal pelvis fistula drainage lasted for 1-2 weeks,and ureteral stent to 6 months to one year.Ultrasound and renal function were tested after 1week,1month,3 months and 6 months,and then every six months.ResultsOperation was done successfully in 10 patients,and failed in one case due to a long segment of ureteral stenosis.The operating time of ureteral stent implantation was 54±27 min.Serum creatinine of patients was reduced from preoperative 326±147 to postoperative 89±49 μmol/L.During a follow-up period of 6 to 27 months,no complications occurred.ConclusionPercutaneous antegrade stenting in the treatment of ureteral obstruction after renal transplantation is safe and effective.

Objective To investigate the role of muhiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification(MLPA) in identifying fetal aneuploidy of chromosomes 13,18,21,X,and Y. Methods From June 2007 to December 2008,263 samples(prenatal diagnosis group),including amniotic or umbilical cord blood from pregnant women who required prenatal diagnosis,were processed in parallel by MLPA and conventional karyotype to detect fetal aneuploidy.Another 26 samples(fetal death group).ineluding retained abortion and fetal death,were also processed bv MLPA. Results Five cases of 21-trisomy,4 eases of 18-trisomy,1 case of 13-trisomy and 3 cases of 45,X were identified among the prenatal diagnosis group by MLPA,and the results were consistent with karyotype.Two cases of 45,X and 1 case of 18-trisomy were identified among the retained abortion and fetal death group. Conclusions MLPA is a rapid,efficient,simple,reliable and economical technique in detecting most common chromosomal aneuploidies and have important clinical value.

Objective To investigate the role of gray-scale sonography in the diagnosis of thyroid microcarcinoma(TMC).Methods The sonographic characteristics of 58 TMC and 61 benign thyroid nodules(≤1 cm)were retrospectively reviewed and compared with each other.The size,echogenicity,internal solid/cystic component,configuration,anteroposterior to transverse dimension ratio(A/T),margin,halo sign and calcification type of the nodules were studied.Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test.The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value and accuracy of individual sonographic characteristics were calculated respectively.Results In ultrasonography,TMC manifested as marked hypoechoic in 48.3%,solid lesion in 98.3%,irregular-shape in 74.1%,irregular halo sign in 37.0%,with internal microcalcifications in 62.1%.There were significantly statistical differences between the benign and malignant nodules in those findings (P＜0.001).However,there was no obviously statistical difference in the obscure margin.The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy were 86.2%,77.0% and 81.5% respectively when using marked internal hypoechoic echo,A/T≥1 and microcalcification as a new combined criterior.Conclusions The gray-scale sonographic findings between the small benign and malignant thyroid nodules(≤1 cm)are different.Combining these sonographic signs can significantly improve diagnostic value of TMC.

Objective To evaluate angiogenesis of the benign and malignant solid thyroid nodules with color Doppler ultrasound and immunohistochemistry staining. Methods Fifty-six solid thyroid nodules in 55 patients (28 papillary thyroid cancer, 23 goiter, 4 adenoma, 1 Hashimoto' s disease) were observed before surgery with color Doppler ultrasound. Pathological specimens of paraffin-embedded were immunohistochemically stained with CD34 and VEGF antibody. Results There were significant differences between the benign and malignant thyroid nodules in vascular morphology and regional rich blood flow. The irregular or less irregular vessels were found in 75 % of the malignant nodules. Regional rich blood flow or suspicious regional rich blood flow were found in 64. 3% of malignant nodules. The regular vessels were found in 89. 3% of the benign nodules, non-regional rich blood flow was found in 71.4% of the benign nodules. The number of CD34 in malignant lesions [(37.31 ± 11.55)/HP] was significantly higher than benign lesions [(29. 02 ± 8.32)/HP, P = 0.04]. There was a significantly difference of VEGF expression between the benign and malignant nodules which was higher in malignant nodules than in benign nodules(P ＜ 0.01). Conclusions Compared with the benign nodules, the vessles in malignant thyroid nodules were irregular,the distribution of vessles was asymmetry and angiogenesis was active.

BACKGROUND:Coronary stent implantation can cause blood vessel damage and wal reconstruction, leading to vascular stent restenosis. Studies have found that visfatin is associated with inflammatory reaction, and exhibits an increased expression at the site of plaque rupture in acute myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the influence of percutaneous coronary intervention on the levels of visfatin in patients with coronary heart disease. METHODS:Thirty patients with acute myocardial infarction within 12 hours after the onset of the chest pain, 30 patients with unstable pectoris and 30 patients with stable angina pectoris were included. Al patients were successfuly treated by percutaneous coronary intervention. Meanwhile, 30 patients only undergoing coronary angiography but not stenting treatment were selected, and another 30 patients without any treatment served as normal control group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:According to enzyme-linked immunosorbent method, the visfatin levels of acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, stable angina and coronary angiography groups continue to rise at pre-operation, 30 minutes, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours after operation, al of which were higher than that in the normal control group (P < 0.05). The results confirmed that within 24 hours after coronary stent implantation the visfatin levels continue to rise.