BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide synthase(NOS) is extensively distributed in the central nervous system and modulates neuronal activities. However,there are few reports about NOS' s involvement in nociceptive information transmission at the supraspinal level.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relation between the primary afferent visceral terminials and the NOS-containing neurons which project from the interstitial nucleus of spinal trigeminal tract(INV) to the parabrachial nucleus(PBN).DESIGN: A controlled experimental observation based on the experimental animals.SETTING: Department of anatomy in a military medical university of Chinese PLA.MATERIALS: The experiment was conducted in the Department of Anatomy,Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA,from January to December 2002. Ten adult male SD rats were selected in this experiment.INTERVENTIONS: Tetramethyl rhodamine-dextran(TMR) and biotinylated dextran-amine(BDA) were injected into the PBN and vago-glossopharyngeal nerves respectively combining with the immunohistochemical method for NOS and the observation with laser confocal scanning microscope.MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREES: Overlapping of TMR retrogradely labeled neurons,NOS positive labeled neurons and transganglionic tracing labeled terminals,and their relationship in INV.RESULTS: After injection of TMR into the PBN,the retrogradely labeled neurons,mostly small and medium-sized(below20 μm),were found in the INV ipsilateral to the injection side. The distribution of the NOS positive neurons overlapped with retrogradely labeled neurons in INV. The proportion of the number of double-labeled neurons with NOS/TMR was 55% (17/31)and 34% (17/49) in the whole population of the NOS positive neurons and retrogradely neurons,respectively. Some transganglionic tracing labeled terminals after BDA injection had close contact with the double-labeled neurons.CONCLUSION: The visceral nociceptive pathway exists from INV to PBN and NO may act as the transmitter or neural signal molecule in the transmission and regulation of visceral nociceptive process.

Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of improved covered metallic stents for proximal malignant esophageal strictures.Methods A total of 56 patients with proximal malignant esophageal strictures were treated with improved covered metallic stents whose diameter was 14 mm or 16 mm at Shanxi Province Tumor Hospital from Feburary 2013 to August 2014.Swallowing condition, physical and life quality were compared before and after surgery and analyzed.At the same time, side effects and complications were recorded during and after surgery.Results All 56 patients were treated successfully with improved covered metallic stents, no complications related with stents occurred after surgery.Swallowing conditions were improved after surgery, there were 45 patients with obvious improvement, 10 patients with better improvement and 1 patient's stent taken out due to stent intolerance.Remission rate of swallowing conditions was 98.2％ (55/56).Two weeks after surgery, Stooler of swallowing conditions obviously improved (t =7.05, P ＜ 0.05), physical conditions (ZPS) also improved (t =22.49, P ＜ 0.05), but there was no significant difference in life quality (Kamofsky scores) (t =1.07, P ＞ 0.05).During 90 days of follow-up there was no hemorrhage or perforation.Conclusion The application of improved covered metallic stents for proximal malignant esophageal strictures is safe and effective.

Objective To study the effect of morin on LPS induced acute lung injury mouse model and its mechanism .Meth‐ods Thirty male C57B/L mice were randomly divided into control group ,LPS group and LPS+ morin group ,with 10 in each group .5 mg/kg LPS was instilled into the lung from an trachea intubation in LPS group and LPS+morin group .Then the mice in LPS+morin group received an intraperitoneal injection of morin (40 mg/kg) every day for the next 3 d .Others received an equal a‐mount of saline .After 72 h ,the mice were sacrificed .The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and centrifuged;the sediments were stained with Wright‐Giemsa for total cell and neutrophil count and the supernates were prepared for ELISA .The wet and dry weight of lung was weighed to calculate the wet/dry weight ratio .HE staining was performed to examine the pathologi‐cal change of lung .Western blot was used to determined the expression of TLR4 ,IKK and NF‐κB .Results Intratracheal instillation of LPS successfully established ALI model in mouse .LPS caused significant pathological changes including inflammatory cells infil‐tration ,alveolar septa thickness ,hemorrhage and edema .The wet/dry weight ratio ,the total cell count ,neutrophil count ,TNF and IL‐1βlevel in BALF ,and the expression of TLR4 ,NF‐κB ,and IKK were all increased significantly (P<0 .05) ,which were allevia‐ted by intraperitoneal injection of morin .Conclusion Morin can dampen the inflammatory response during LPS induced ALI in mouse ,which is potentially attributed to its inhibitory effect on the activation of NF‐κB .

Objective To study the effect of sodium cantharidinate on the growth of human gastric cancer grafted onto nude mice. Methods Nude mice xenograft models of human gastric cancer were established.BGC823was injected peritoneal and the mice were weighed. The proliferating and apoptosis rates of xenografta was evaluated by TUNEL assay and immunohistochemical staining respectively. Results The xenografts were obviously inhibited with various dosage of sodium cantharidinate(P＜0.01 ), the proliferating rate of turnout cells after using sodium cantharidinate was lower than that before using sodium cantharidinate(P＜0.01 ), but apoptosis rate of tumour ceils after using sodium cantharidinate was higher than that before using sodium cantharidinate(P＜0.01 ). Conclusion Sodium cantharidinate can inhibit gastric cancer growth by inhibiting tumour cell proliferating or inducing cell apoptosls.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intra?articular injections of tranexamic acid (TXA) on perioperative blood loss and transfusion in primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods Primary TKA was per?formed on a total of 380 patients (380 knees) affected to various degrees by knee osteoarthritis. All the patients are divided into three groups according to different joint injection for 5 min at the end of surgery in which:120 patients received 1.5 g TXA injec?tion,136 patients received 0.5 g TXA injection, 124 patients no pharmacological intervention (control group). Blood loss, hidden blood loss, blood transfusion, drainage volume and limb circumference change after TKA were assessed. Results All the surger?ies were well performed. No complication including infection, necrosis, and fat liquefaction has been observed. The results indicat?ed no significant difference with pairwise comparisons in intra?operative time, intra?operative blood loss, hospitalization time, anes?thesia, and drainage volume and limb circumference change. The mean postoperative hidden blood loss (1.5 g TXA group 693.29± 377.91 ml, 0.5 g TXA group 835.41±481.97 ml, the control group 1 032.75±322.19 ml) and transfusion (1.5 g TXA group 7.5%, 0.5 g TXA group 13.2%, the control group 20.2%) requests were significantly different with pairwise comparisons among the three groups. Compared with the control group, both 1.5 g TXA group and 0.5 g TXA group showed better effects (P<0.05). Compared with the 0.5 g TXA group, 1.5 g TXA group showed better effects (P<0.05). Conclusion It can be concluded that intra?articular injection of TXA in patients undergoing unilateral TKA could significantly reduce postoperative hidden blood loss and blood trans?fusion, and did not increase the risk of phlebothrombosis. This efficacy demonstrated a concentration dependent effect. Compared with 0.5 g TXA, 1.5 g TXA performed a better efficacy.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Wenyang Chubi Decoction (WYCBD), a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine, on connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and collagen-I (COL-I) in a mouse model of scleroderma. METHODS: Scleroderma was induced in BALB/c mice by daily local injection of bleomycin for three weeks and the mice were randomly divided into untreated, WYCBD-treated and normal saline (NS) treated groups, with another group of BALB/c mice as normal control. WYCBD and NS were given orally for one month respectively. Histopathology in the skin and lungs of the mice were examined. The CTGF and COL-I expressions in the skin or skin lesions were detected by immunohistochemical Elivision assay. RESULTS: The expression levels of CTGF and COL-I in the untreated group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group (P<0.05). Compared with the NS-treated group, the WYCBD-treated group had significant improvement in the skin and lung histopathology and remarkably decreased expression levels of CTGF and COL-I (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Scleroderma mice showed high expressions of CTGF and COL-I in the skin. WYCBD had the effects of decreasing the CTGF and COL-I expressions and improving the skin fibrosis.

Objective:To evalte a novel laparoscopic splenic artery ligation plus devascularization (LSALD) vs. laparoscopic splenectomy and devascularization (LSD) for the treatment of portal hypertention. Methods:From Jan 2014 to Dec 2019, 50 patients undergoing LSALD and 30 patients receiving LSD . We compared the safety and feasibility between LSALD and LSD groups by analyzing the patients′ blood routine, liver function before and after operation, intraoperative condition, postoperative recovery and prognosis.Results:The operation time[(181±72)min vs.(284±72)min , t=-6.205, P<0.01], intraoperative blood loss[(100±50)ml vs.( 700±86 ml), t=-5.166, P<0.01]and blood transfusion rate (28% vs.67%, χ 2=11.471, P<0.01)in LSALD group were significantly more favorite than those in LSD group ( P<0.05). The postoperative exhaust in the LSALD group was earlier than that in the LSD group (2 d vs.3 d, Z=2.361, P<0.05) though the WBC and blood platelet count was higher in LSD group ( P<0.05). Portal vein thrombosis occurred in 10 cases in LSD group and 6 cases in LSALD group (χ 2=5.757, P<0.05). Conclusion:Compared with laparoscopic splenectomy combined with periesophagogastric devascularization, laparoscopic splenic artery ligation combined with periesophagogastric devascularization is less traumatic, helping quick recovery and lower rate of post-op portal vein thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: Metabotropic glutamate receptor(mGluR) is G-protein coupled membrane receptors, which participate in various physiology or pathology process in brain, but how it induce brain ischemic tolerance(BIT)is unclear.OBJECTIVE: To study roles of mGluR2/3 and mGluR1/5 in the BIT induction.DESIGN: Randomized controlled study based on experimental animals.SETTING: Neurological department of provincial hospital and pathophysiological department of basic institute in a university.MATERIALS: The study was conducted at the Pathophysiological Department, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University from May 2002 to May 2003. Totally 64 healthy male SD rats were selected from the Experimental Animal Center of Hebei Medical University. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody, MTPG and(s)-4C3HPG were got from Sigma Company.INTERVENTIONS: 4 vessel occlusion(4VO) brain ischemic models in rats stained with thionine staining and GFAP immunohistochemistry staining. were used. Sixty-four rats, of which bilateral vertebral arteries were occluded permanently by electrocautery, were divided into the following 8groups: sham operation group, cerebral ischemic preconditioning(CIP)group, ischemic insult group; BIT group; MTPG + sham operation group;MTPG+BIT group; MTPG+ischemia group and(s) -4C3HPG+BIT coup. All the rats were killed 7 days after the operation or the final ischemic treatment. Cerebral sections were selected and stained with thionine staining and GFAP immunohistochemistry staining.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The changes of the morphologic hippocampal pyramidal cell and GFAP expression of astrocyte.RESULTS: ① The 8 minutes ischemic insult increased the histological grade(HG) in CA1 area, decreased the pyramidal neuronal density(ND)and increased the expression of GFAP significantly( P ＜ 0.05) . ② The above changes were not observed in the BIT group, indicating that the CIP could protect pyramidal neurons against the 8-minute ischemic insult. ③The protective effects of the CIP were blocked by MTPG or(s)-4C3HPG, as manifested by significant increases in HG and decreases in ND in the groups of MTPG + BIT, MTPG + ischemia and(s)-4C3HPG + BIT( P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION: MTPG or (s) -4C3HPG could block the induction of BIT induced by CIP, but mGluR2/3 or mGluR1/5 could participate in the induction of BIT by which protect effect of mGluR is further induced.

Objectives To explore the role of PKCβ/p66Shc oxidative stress signaling pathway in hyperoxia-induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells A549. Methods A549 cells were cultured in vitro and divided randomly into control (incubated with 5%CO2), hyperoxia group (exposed to a mixture of 900 ml/L O2 and 50 ml/L CO2 at speed of 3 L/min for 10 mins, then cultured in a closed environment) and LY333531 group (treated with 10μmol/L of PKCβinhibitor LY333531 for 24h then induced with hyperoxia for 10 mins). The cellular morphology was observed under inverted microscope at 12, 24 and 48 h of treatment. The cell apoptosis was detected by lfow cytometry. Expression of PKCβ/Pin1/p66Shc/p66Shc-Ser36 were detected by immunohistochemistry after 24 h of treatment. Results Comparing to the control group, the cellular morphology of A549 in the hyperoxia group changed to spherical shapes and space between cells increased, the living cell count decreased and suspension cell increased. The living cell count in LY333531 group increased and suspension cell decreased than those in hyperoxia group but not reach the levels of the control group. The apoptosis rate of A549 cells and the expression of PKCβ/Pin1/p66Shc/p66Shc-Ser36 at 24 h were signiifcantly increased in the hyperoxia group than those in the control group, while the apoptosis rate and the expression of PKCβ/Pin1/p66Shc/p66Shc-Ser36 were greatly decreased in the LY333531 group than those in the hyperoxia group (all P<0.01). Conclusions The expression of PKCβin A549 cells can be increased by the hyper-oxia induction but reduced by LY333531, and then the expressions of Pin1, p66Shc and p66Shc-Ser36 are reduced. Thus the re-duced apoptosis of A549 cells relieve the cell injury induced by hyperoxia.