There are many research reports about surgical treatments for central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) up to date, such as radial optic neurotomy, vitrectomy combined with internal limiting membrane removal or not, t-PA retinal venous thrombelysis, oph-thalmic artery thrombolysis and so on. However, the most of the therapeutic methods are controversial, the action mechanism of some therapies are still not clear, and their complications should be taken attendtion seriously. So in the future it is necessary to conduct multiple centre prospective randomized controlled trials for evaluating the role of different surgical therapies for CRVO. (Ophthalmol CHN, 2009, 18: 217-220)

The improvement of diagnostic levels for fundus diseases depend on the advancements of fundus imaging technology.Different fundus imaging technologies allow doctors to inspect ocular fundus from different aspects such as morphological or functional changes of retina.As a basic fundus examination method,optical coherence tomography provides high-resolution and cross-sectional retinal images coupled with non-invasive advantages.Fully understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of each fundus imaging technique,appropriate choosing one or combining several imaging techniques,and optimizing diagnostic procedures for each fundus disease are crucial steps to improve our diagnostic.levels of ocular fundus diseases.

Advantages and disadvantages of morphologic and functional examinations for macular disease were reviewed. These examinations included optical coherence tomography(OCT), Heidelberg retina tomograph(HRT), and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG), etc. It is very important to improve ability of diagnosis and management of macular disease by choosing examination logically and integrating morphologic examination with functional examination on the basis of disease.

Mitomycin-C eyedrops were administered for the prevention of pterygium recurrence after surgical excision.37 primary and 16 recurrent pterygia were postoperatively instil- led 0.2mg/ml or 0.4mg/ml mitomycin-C eyedrops,and 24 primary and 4 recurrent pterygia were given placebo instead to serve as controls.During a follow-up of 3 to 8 months,one(1.89%)of the 53 eyes treated with mitomycin recurred 3 months after the operation while 3 eyes(10.7%)of the 28 controls recurred,the difference being very significant.The authors opinted that mitomy- cin-C eyedrops of low concentration was safe and effective for the prevention of postop- erative pterygium recurrence.

Being a part of the microcirculatoty system,retinal microvasculature may have similar morphology change as cardio-and cerebro-microvasculature under the pathological conditions.Although no study has proved that there exists causal relationship between retinal microvasculature change and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) , realizing their connection is extremely vital for ophthalmologists to evaluate the status of the systemic microcirculation, predict the occurrence of CVD, and proceed primary prevention by visible information of retinal microvascular alteration.In addition,for the patients suffering from retinal vascular occlusion,especially those with undiagnosed systemic diseases like CVD,ignoring systemic examinations may delay proper treatment and lead to the consequences of ill health.In conclusion, ophthalmologists should recognize the association of retinal microvasculature changes with systemic vascular diseases and provide useful information for primary prevention and early diagnosis and treatment of systemic vascular diseases.

Background The studies on intravitreal ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema (DME) primarily focuses on the absolute change of central retinal thickness, while the affection of the relative change of central retinal thickness (RCRT) or relative change of central retinal thickening (RCRTing) on visual prognosis has not been elucidated completely.Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effect of RCRT and RCRTing in assessing visual prognosis in DME patients following intravitreal injection of ranibizumab.Methods A self-controlled observational study was designed.Thirty eyes of thirty patients with clinically significant DME (CSDME) were recruited in Beijing 401 Hospital of China Nuclear Industry from November 2013 to October 2014.Ranibizumab of 0.05 ml (10 mg/ml) was intravitreally injected by 30G syringe needle at 3.5 mm posterior corneal limbus.Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) far 2.5 meters away modified ETDRs visual chart was examined before injection and 3 and 6 months after injection,and the BCVA difference value between before injection and 6 months after injection was calculated as the absolusion BCVA (ABCVA).Spectral domian optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system was employed to measure the central retinal thickness (CRT) and to calculate the RCRT and RCRTing value.The correlations of RCRT or RCRTing with ABCVA was analyzed.Results The LogMAR values were (0.66±0.20) ,(0.40±0.25) BCVA and (0.37±0.25) before injection and 3,6 months after injection respectively in the CSDME patients,with a significant difference among them (F =36.79,P＜0.05).The values were obviously improved 3 and 6 months after injection compared with before injection (both at P＜0.05).The mean ABCVA (LogMar) of the patients was (0.30±0.21).The CRT 3,6 ,pmyjd sgyrt omkrvyopm values were (508.63±130.44), (331.07±71.84) and (311.77±64.47)μm before injection and respectively in the CSDME patients, showing a significant difference among them (F=49.78,P＜0.05).The CRT values were evidently reduced 3 and 6 months after injection in comparison with before injection (both at P＜0.05) ,and the mean ACRT value was (196.87±140.59) μm.The ABCVA values were (0.13±0.13),(0.44±0.14),(0.07±0.09) and (0.41±0.15) LogMAR in the RCRT＜35％ group,RCRT≥ 35％ group,RCRTing＜69％ group and RCRTing ≥ 69％ group, respectively.Significant differences were found in ABCVA between the RCRT＜35％ group and RCRT≥35％ group (t=-6.27,-8.65,both at P＜0.05).RCRT and RCRTing showed the positive correlations with ABCVA in the CSDME patients (r =0.86,0.79, P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions RCRT and RCRTing can identify well the optimal responders to intravitreal ranibizumab and predict BCVA improvement after treatment.RCRT has better association with ABCVA than RCRTing.RCRTing may be preferable when retinal thickening is more severe.

Scleral buckling surgery is a main surgical method for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and it is the basic skill of retinal surgeons. As a kind of classic treatment, retinal surgeons must recognize and understand the essence and connotation of scleral buckling surgery, master and apply skillfully, improve the success rate of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and use the minimum amount of surgical combination to achieve anatomical retinal reattachment and restore visual function as much as possible.

Objective:To analyze the reasons for the failure of scleral buckling (SB) in the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and observe the efficacy and safety of re-buckling.Methods:This was a retrospective non-comparative clinical research. From July 2014 to June 2020, patients with first-time SB failure who visited the Beijing Tongren Hospital were included in this study. There were 42 patients, including 30 males and 12 females, with the average age of 29.40±16.13 years, and they were all monocular. The retinal detachment range <1, 1-2 and > 2 quadrants were 9, 22 and 11 eyes, respectively. The macula was involved in 38 eyes. The average logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.99±0.57. Forty eyes and 2 eyes were performed 1 and 2 SB, and all the retina were not reattached. All patients were under general anesthesia, according to the conditions during the operation, re-freeze and located the holes under indirect ophthalmoscope. And selected the new external pressure material or retained the old one in combination with the other operations to reattaced the retina. The average follow-up time was 31.93±18.97 months. The reasons for the failure of the first surgery based on the records of this surgery were analyzed. The visual acuity changes, the rate of retinal reattachment and the occurrence of complications were observed. The visual changes were compared by paired t test. Results:The top three reasons for the failure were: 16 case of the displacement of the compression spine (38.10%); 9 cases of missing the retinal holes and 9 case of improper selection of compression substances (account for 21.43%, respectively); 6 cases of insufficient height of compression spine (14.29%). All of retina were reattached (100%, 42/42). The average logMAR BCVA was 0.52±0.40. The difference of logMAR BCVA between before and after surgery was statistically significant ( t=6.106, P=0.000). There were a slight increase in intraocular pressure in 8 eyes, the average intraocular pressure was 25.00±2.61 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa). No serious complications occurred after surgery. Conclusions:The position deviation of the compression spine, the missed hole during the operation, the improper selection of external compression material, and the insufficient height of the compression spine are the main reasons for the failure of SB. After adjusting the reasons for the failure, there is still a higher rate of retinal reattachment.

Background Researches showed that microRNA (miRNA) is involved in the pathogenesis and development of many tumors and plays a cancer-suppressing-gene like role or cancer-gene like action.Uveal melanoma (UM) is a common ocular malignant tumor in aduh,and the mechanism of UM pathogenesis and metastasis is still not elucidated.Understanding the differential expression of miRNAs in UM is expected to provide a basis for targeting treatment of UM.Objective This study was to screen and compare the expression profiles of miRNAs in epithelial type and spindle type of UM.Methods The use of specimens of UM and donor eyes was approved by Ethic Commission of Capital Medical University.The specimens of epithelial type (4 specimens) and spindle type (4 specimens) of UM confirmed by histopathology and immunochemistry were collected in Beijing Tongren Hospital from March 2013 to October 2015.The expression profile of miRNA was assayed by miRNA array.Normal uveal specimens were obtained from 8 donors as controls.The differentially expressing miRNAs were screened by intergroup differential folds of ≥2.The genes targeting differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted using multiples online software and the potential signal pathway was further analyzed by bioinformatics method.The microarray outcomes were validated by real-time quantitative PCR.Results Spindle cell type and epithelial cell type of UMs were verified by hematoxylin and eosin staining.Immunochemistry showed that HMB45,melanin-A and S-100 were positively expressed in the two types of UM.Compared with the normal uveal tissue,109 differentially expressed miRNAs,including 29 up-regulated and 80 down-regulated miRNAs were seen in the spindle cell type of UM,and in the epithelial cell type of UM,50 differentially expressed miRNAs were found,including 23 up-regulated and 27 down-regulated miRNAs.In spindle cell type of UM,the up-regulated miRNAs were miR-146a-5p,miR-25-3p and miR-29b-l-5p,and down-regulated ones were miR-126-5p,miR-183-5p and miR-96-5p.In epithelial cell type of UM,the up-regulated miRNAs were miR-155-5p,miR-210 and miR-378a-5p,and down-regulated ones were miR-199a-5p,miR-143-3p and miR-143-5p.In addition,the mutual up-regulated miRNA in both spindle cell type of UM and epithelial cell type of UM were miR-132-3p,miR-21-5p,miR-34a-5p and miR-34b-5p,and mutual down-regulated ones were miR-125b-2-3p,miR-126-3p,miR-199a-3p and miR-214-3p.Bioinformatics analysis showed that the targeting genes predicted by differentially expressed miRNAs participated in a number of biological pathways,including cancer-related pathway,mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway,Wnt signal pathway and intercellular adhesion,endocytosis,prostatic cancer,colorectal cancer pathways.Conclusions Many differentially expressed miRNAs exist among spindle cell type of UM,epithelial cell type of UM and normal uveal tissue.These miRNAs participate in or regulate the biological behaviour of UM via different signal pathways.

Background Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) is an effective method for diabetic retinopathy (DR).However,PRP causes macular edema and visual impairment.The application of compound anisodine,a vascular dynamic drug can alleviate the adverse effect of PRP,but its effectiveness is not verified yet.Objective This study aimed to investigate the clinical therapeutic effect of compound anisodine on retinal functional damage following PRP in the eyes with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR).Methods A prospective cohort study was carried out from August 2013 to February 2014 in Beijing Tongren Hospital.One hundred and ten eyes with NPDR were included and PRP were performed.The operative eyes were randomized into the compound anisodine group (64 eyes) and control group (46 eyes).Compound anisodine solution of 2 ml was injected via temporal subcutaneous tissue since the second day after photocoagulation,and the injection was performed once per day for 4 courses in 3-day interval between each course (1 course for 14 days) in the compound anisodine group,and no any drug was used in the control group.The visual acuity,30° to 60° ring visual field and flash electroretinaogram (F-ERG) were examined before photocoagulation and 1 day,1 month and 2 months after photocoagulation to compare the retinal function between the two groups.ResultsThe vision acuity improved in 55 eyes in the compound anisodine group with the rate 85.94％,and that in the control group was 11 eyes with the rate 23.91％,showing a significant difference between the two groups (x2 =15.425,P =0.000).The mean sensitivities of visual field were (4.15 ± 1.42),(3.94 ± 1.40) and (4.81 ± 1.41) dB in 1 day,1 month and 2 months after photocoagulation in the compound anisodine group,which were significantly higher than (3.76± 1.52),(3.53± 1.55) and (3.64 ± 1.50) dB of the control group (t =1.39,1.44,1.15,all at P＜0.05).The amplitudes of a-wave and b-wave of F-ERG were all higher in the compound anisodine group than those in the control group in various time points after photocoagulation (all at P＜0.05).Conclusions The injection of compound anisodine via temporal subcutaneous tissue can relieve visual functional damage caused by PRP in NPDR eyes.