Dry age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is a prevalent form of irreversible blindness worldwide in the elderly population with an increasing incidence in China.It is found that some dry AMD will develop to wet AMD and therefore damage visual function.Pathogenesis of AMD is below understand now,but it is thought to be related to the light-induced ocular damage,oxidative stress response,extracellular disposition and immunology.Up to now,effective and safe prevention and treatment methods of AMD are still studying,especially wet AMD,but the concern on dry AMD is not enough.Some basic and clinical pharmaceutics researches on AMD include antioxidants,anti-extracellular disposition drugs and anti-inflammatory agents.With the rise of aging population,we should pay special attention to the research on pathogenesis,diagnosis and treatment of dry AMD.

Axilla ; Breast Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery ; Cytodiagnosis ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy ; methods

Objective:This article is to calculate and analyze the equalization of government health expenditure inof different provinces and areas in the past decade. Methods: To calculate the Gini Coefficient and Theil Index in of different provinces and areas for government health expenditure in the past decade , and to explore potential reasons .. Results:The Gini Coefficient declined substantially in the past years ,which decreased from 0.31 in 2003 to 0.11 in 2013.The Theil Index declined substantially in the past years , which decreased from 0.0270 in 2003 to 0.0004 in 2013 .Eastern provinces were in advantaged positions in the past decade but the degree of advantage was declining , central provinces were in disadvantaged positions in the past decade but the degree of disadvantage was declining , while western provinces were in relatively disadvantaged positions before 2006 but became advantaged since 2009 . Conclusions:The regional equity of government health expenditure for different provinces and areas has been im -proved in the past decade especially for implementing the equalization of public health policy .Recommendations:The central government of China should increase transfer payment into some provinces with of large population like Hebei, Shandong , Guangdong , Hunan and Henan to increase the regional equity of government health expenditure .

Tumor blood vessels are characterized with insufficiency and distortion. Endothelial molecules of neovascularization and the heterogeneity of microvasculature in tumor interstitial are the basis for molecular-targeted ultrasonic evaluation of tumor angiogenesis, and has become focus in recent years. Research progresses of molecular-targeted ultrasonic imaging in angiogenesis and heterogeneity of tumors were reviewed in this article.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of central nervous system(CNS)infectious diseases in children hospitalized in capital institute of pediatrics.Methods All the 972 patients hospitalized in capital institute of pediatrics with the clinical diagnosis of CNS infectious diseases were analyzed from Jan.1997 to Dec.2006 retrospectively.The etiological detection of serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)samples in acute stage collected from those patients included smear,cultivation and rapid etiological diagnosis of bacterium and fungus;determination of viral antibody,mycoplasma pneumonia antibody and tuberculous antibody.Results 1.A total of 972 patients were treated for CNS infectious diseases,accounting for 1.76% of inpatients of Internal Medicine at the same time.2.The main sources of CNS infectious diseases :747 cases of viral encephalitis,177 purulent meningitis,21 mycoplasmal encephalitis and 12 tuberculous meningitis.3.The ratio of male and female was 1.72:1.0 and the mean onset age was(4.75?4.03)years.4.Special infectious agents in serum and/or CSF samples were positive in 283(29.12%)cases.The total bacterial positive cases were 48/177 cases(27.12%).Streptococcus pneumonia(4.52%)was the most,followed by Escherichia coli(3.39%),Neisseria meningitides(3.39%)and Haemophilus influenzae B(Hib,3.39%).Viral antibodies were positive in 210/747 cases(28.11%).The major agents were herpes virus(HV)[128/747 cases(17.14%)]and enterovirus(EV)[91/747 cases(12.18%)].Conclusions CNS infectious diseases were important ones hospitalized in internal medicine of capital institute of pediatrics.Virus and bacterium were the main causes of CNS infectious diseases.Streptococcus pneumonia,Escherichia coli,Neisseria meningitides and Hib were the main agents of purulent meningitis.HV and EV were the main sources of viral encephalitis.

Objective To evaluate the renal function response to vasopressin in obstructed and non-obstructed kidney in vasopressin-deficient rats by using dynamic enhanced MRI. Methods This study included 26 vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro(BB)rats.Unilateral ureteral obstruction(UUO) model was set up in 12 BB rats.After releasing UU0 24 h,treatment of AVP was given in 7 non-obstrueted and 7 obstructed BB rats for 6 d.Seyen normal Wistar rats and 7 BB rats were used as control.Dynamic enhanced MRl was performed at 0-60 min following the administration of GadoliniumDTPA(0.05 mmol/kg)and the mean relative signal intensity(RSI)was measured. Results BB rats RSI increase occurred during the first minute,with a maximum mean RSI of(149±10)%in cortex,(155±13)%in medulla and(146±13)%in pelvis.Then,a gradual decrease in the cortical RSI occurred,after which a small increase was observed in Phase 3.BB rats RSI patterns were different from Wistar rats.After AVP treatment,mean RSI of BB rats in cortex,medulla and pelvis reached a maximum of(180±6)%,respectively at 30 sec,followed by a fast decrease at 1 min.Then,RSI decreased gradually.Phase 3 demonstrated a moderate increase in medullary and a relative large increase in pelvic RSI until 30 min after injection,after which RSI returned to baseline.BB rats RSI patterns after AVP treatment were similar to that of Wistar rats.Cortical,medullary and pelvic mean RSI increased slowly compared to non UUO rats.In phase 3,mean RSI of all segments decreased gradually.UUO rats RSI patterns were different from non UUO rats.After AVP treatment in UUO rats,mean RSIs of all segments increased faster compared to UUO rats without AVP.Cortical mean RSI reached a maximum of(193±7)% at 2 mim Mean RSI of medulla were unchanged,but the pelvic mean RSI deereased gradually to a minimum of(77±5)%at 5 min.Phase 3 was characterized by a slight recovcry of all RSIs.UUO rats RSIs were recovered after AVP treatment.The renal blood flow(RBF)of UUO rats was decreased to(1.1±0.1)m1·min-1·100g-1,wherease the RBF was increased to (1.9±O.3)ml·min-1·100g-1 after injecting AVP. Conclusion Dynamic enhanced MRI may provide useful information for distinguishing between kidneys having changes in the renal vasopressin concentration and the kidneys suffer from the obstructed renal damage.

Cancer stem cells is a small fraction of cells exist in cancers and own the same characteristics of stem cells. It has recently been shown that cancer stem cells in some tumours contain lower reactive oxygen species(ROS) levels and enhanced ROS defence radioresistance. The DNA damage induced by p53 tumor suppressor protein is associated with self cancer stem cells. We have reviewed the biological characteristics including self- renewal, drug resistance, heterogeneity and so on. As to the genesis of the cancer stem cells,some researchers believe that they arise from normal adult stem cells, progenitor cells or mutation of somatic cells, while others consider that cancer stem cells are derived from cell fusion and so on.

Aged ; Biomarkers ; metabolism ; Carcinoid Tumor ; metabolism ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Endometrioid ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Granular Cell Tumor ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; methods ; Keratin-7 ; metabolism ; Keratins ; metabolism ; Krukenberg Tumor ; metabolism ; pathology ; Middle Aged ; Mucin-1 ; metabolism ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Sertoli Cell Tumor ; metabolism ; pathology ; Sex Cord-Gonadal Stromal Tumors ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery

Adult ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Male ; Sarcoma, Synovial ; diagnosis

Objective To study the effects of internal and external biliary drainage on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression of Kupffer cells and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in rats with obstructive jaundice. Methods Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to obstructive jaundice (OJ), sham operation (SH), internal biliary drainage (ID) and external biliary drainage (ED) groups with 12 each. Kupffer cells were isolated by in situ hepatic perfusion and digestion with collagenase type Ⅳ, and purified by cell culture attachment. The expression of iNOS mRNA of Kupffer cells was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the serum TNF-α concentration was measured using ELISA method. Results The serum TNF-α level was increased in OJ group[ (110.84±26.3) pg/ml ]compared with SH group [-(88.4±17.9) pg/ml, (P=0.045)]. The TNF-α level in ID group[ (89.8±28. 3) pg/ml ]was significantly lower than that in ED group[ (118.64±22.7) pg/ml, (P=0. 011) ]and OJ group (P=0. 059). Expression of iNOS mRNA of Kupffer cells was significantly higher in OJ group (0. 824± 0. 24) compared with SH group (0. 384±0.35,P=0. 005). After relieving the OJ, the iNOS mRNA expression in ED group (0. 974± 0.48) was not suppressed (P=0. 321). On the contrary, the iNOS mRNA expression in ID group was suppressed and significantly lower than that in ED group (0. 59±0. 35) (P=0. 016). Conclusions Internal biliary drainage is superior to external drainage in terms of reversing the elevated serum TNF-α and in suppressing the iNOS mRNA expression of Kupffer cells in rats with obstructive jaundice.