Neutralizing antibodies are recognized to be one of the essential elements of the adaptive immune response that must be induced by an effective vaccine against HIV. However, only a limited number of antibodies have been identified to neutralize a broad range of primary isolates of HIV-1 and attempts to induce such antibodies by immunization were unsuccessful. The difficulties to generate such antibodies are mainly due to intrinsic properties of HIV-1 envelope spikes, such as high sequence diversity, heavy glycosylation, and inducible and transient nature of certain epitopes. In vitro neutralizing antibodies are identified using "conventional" neutralization assay which uses phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human PBMCs as target cells. Thus, in essence the assay evaluates HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells. Recently, several laboratories including us demonstrated that some monoclonal antibodies and HIV-1-specific polyclonal IgG purified from patient sera, although they do not have neutralizing activity when tested by the "conventional" neutralization assay, do exhibit potent and broad neutralizing activity in "unconventional" ways. The neutralizing activity of these antibodies and IgG fractions is acquired through post-translational modifications, through opsonization of virus particles into macrophages and immature dendritic cells (iDCs), or through expression of antibodies on the surface of HIV-1-susceptible cells. This review will focus on recent findings of this area and point out their potential applications in the development of preventive strategies against HIV.

Abscess ; pathology ; Adenoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Adenoma, Sweat Gland ; metabolism ; pathology ; Biomarkers ; metabolism ; Breast Diseases ; pathology ; Breast Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Female ; Fistula ; pathology ; Humans ; Keratin-7 ; metabolism ; Keratins ; metabolism ; Mucin-1 ; metabolism ; Nipples ; pathology ; Paget's Disease, Mammary ; metabolism ; pathology ; Receptor, ErbB-2 ; metabolism ; Sweat Gland Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology

Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Gene Silencing ; Genetic Therapy ; methods ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; antagonists & inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Neoplasms ; genetics ; therapy ; RNA Interference ; physiology ; RNA, Small Interfering ; antagonists & inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; RNA-Induced Silencing Complex ; metabolism

Objective To find out about the development of nongovernmental medical services in China as well as the appraisals of such services by various quarters so as to provide basis for the formulation of policies for their management and development. Methods Cross-sectional studies were made in the provinces of Guangdong, Shanxi and Sichuan. By means of questionnaires and interviews, appraisals of nongovernmental medical services by residents, physicians, managers of medical institutions, investors of nongovernmental medical institutions and managers from the administrative departments of health were collected and differences in the appraisals made by people representing various interest groups were analyzed. Results Over 30% of the residents make use of nongovernmental medical services and appraisals of them surpass those of public medical services. Nongovernmental medical institutions have both advantages and disadvantages, with unfair social treatment being the major obstacle to their development. Conclusion Since nongovernmental medical services have already taken an important position in the setup of medical services of China, efforts should be made to coordinate relevant policies so as to bring their role into greater play.

Objective To know the focus groups' iodine nutrition level after implementation of a new standard of salt iodization,and to provide technical support for iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) prevention in Nanping City.Methods According to the requirements of Focus Groups' Iodine Nutrition and Related Health Monitoring Program in Fujian Province,Yanping,Jian'ou,Zhenghe,Jianyang and Shaowu counties (cities,districts) were selected for monitoring in 2014;Pucheng,Songxi,Wuyishan,Shunchang and Guangze counties (cities,districts) were selected for monitoring in 2015.We studied:①The water iodine:2 tap water samples were collected from centralized water supply system;from decentralized water supply system,2 residents drinking water samples were collected according to each of five directions of east,west,south,north,and center,for determination of water iodine content.②Salt iodine:4 administrative villages (neighborhood committees) were selected from each monitoring site,from which 15 households were selected,edible salt samples were collected,and salt iodine content was tested.③Urinary iodine:one primary school was selected from each monitoring site,30-40 students aged from 8-10 years old were selected from each primary school,urine samples were collected for detecting urinary iodine.④Salt intake per capita:among the 8-10 years old students whom had been collected urine samples,10 students' family edible salt samples were collected,then the salt intake per capita was measured via 3-days weighing method.⑤ Goiter:in Jianyang and Shaowu Cities in 2014,and in Guangze and Shunchang Cities in 2015,the thyroid volume was measured using ultrasound,and goiter rate was calculated of 8-10 years old students whom had been collected urine samples before.⑥Pregnant women urinary iodine:20 pregnant women (early,middle and late pregnancy were included) were selected in each monitoring site,urine samples were collected for detecting urinary iodine.Results Investigation results in 2014 and 2015 were as follows:61 and 50 samples of daily drinking water of the two years were investigated,the medians of drinking water iodine were 1.5 and 5.7 μg/L for each group of samples,respectively;and daily salt intake of 253 and 250 residents of the two years were investigated,and the medians intake were 6.8 and 6.9 g/d,respectively;1 500 and 1 500 residential edible salt samples in the two years were tested,iodized salt coverage rates were 99.7％ (1 496/1 500) and 99.9％ (1 498/1 500),respectively,qualified rates of iodized salt were 95.7％ (1 431/1 496) and 94.5％ (1 416/1 498),respectively,qualified iodized salt consumption rates were 95.4％ (1 431/1 500) and 94.4％ (1 416/ 1 500),respectively;of which 749 and 1 000 8-10 years old children's urinary iodine were also tested,and children's urinary iodine medians were 190.1 and 210.4 μg/L,respectively;300 and 275 thyroids of children aged from 8 to 10 were tested,and goiter rates (ultrasound method) were 1.3％ (4/300) and 2.9％ (8/275),respectively;500 and 500 pregnant women urinary iodine were tested in the two years,and pregnant women urinary iodine medians were 133.2 and 150.3 μg/L,respectively,the pregnant women urinary iodine median of the Nanping City of 10 counties (cities,districts) and 7 counties (cities,districts) were less than 150 μg/L.Conclusions Nanping City's natural environment iodine is deficient.After the new standard of salt iodization,we can continue to promote the process of the standard of eliminating IDD in China,besides,8-10 years old children's iodine nutrition is basically at the appropriate level,but the level of pregnant women has showed a slightly deficiency.

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of Qingyi Granule (QYG) on high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) expressions in liver and renal tissues of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) rats.

METHODSFifty-four Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into the sham-operation (SO) group, the SAP group, and the QYG group according to random digits table. Rats in the SAP group were induced by injecting 5% sodium taurocholate (STC). Liver and renal pathological changes were observed by HE staining. Serum contents of amylase (AMS), MDA, IL-1, and HMGB1 were detected by ELISA. HMGB1 protein expressions in liver and renal tissues were tested by immunohistochemistry. HMGB1 mRNA expressions in liver and renal tissues were detected by reversed transcription PCR.

RESULTSThe pathological scores, serum levels of AMS, MDA, IL-1 and HMGB1, and protein and mRNA HMGB1 expressions in liver and renal tissues were increased more obviously in the SAP group than in the SO group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). All of them could be down-regulated by QYG intervention, with the most significant effect seen at 72 h (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) in a time-effect relationship.

CONCLUSIONSHMGB1 participated in SAP complicated liver and renal injuries. QYG could effectively inhibit HMGB1 expressions, thereby attenuating SAP complicated liver and renal injuries.

Amylases ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; HMGB1 Protein ; metabolism ; Interleukin-1 ; Kidney ; metabolism ; Liver ; metabolism ; Pancreatitis ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Taurocholic Acid

Female ; Humans ; Nephritis, Hereditary ; classification ; diagnosis ; genetics ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications ; diagnosis ; genetics ; Prenatal Diagnosis

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Constipation ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

Objective To investigate the characteristics of the preoperative and postoperative urodynamical parameters of women with uterine cervical carcinoma after radical hysterectomies.Methods Forty-six women had uterine cervical carcinoma at stage Ⅰ b or Ⅱ a.Complete pre-and postoperative urodynamie follow-ups were conducted for each patient.Results Twenty-six women(57%)who had preoperatively normal urinary tract function needed to void by abdominal straining after radical surgery.After the radical hysterectomy,the postvoid residual volume[(205?201)vs(5?3)ml,P

The effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on pulmonary shunt were studied during gen- eral anesthesia and postoperative period.Twenty cholecystectomy patients were randomly divided into experiment group (group P) and control group (group Z). PEEP and ZEEP were used separately after induction. Artery blood and mixed blood from the right ventricle were taken for blood gas analysis and determine the amount of pulmonary shunting before anesthesia. half and hour, one and half an hour and two and half an hour after anesthesia and one hour after the operation.The results showed that shunt in group P decreased gradually during general anesthesia and returned to the level of preoperation at an hour after operation. Shunt in group Z was increased continually and the level was significantly higher than preoperation an hour after operation. Shunt between two groups was significant difference (P