Humans ; Nerve Sheath Neoplasms ; pathology ; Nervous System Neoplasms ; pathology ; Smooth Muscle Tumor ; pathology ; Soft Tissue Neoplasms ; classification ; pathology ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; classification ; pathology ; Vascular Neoplasms ; pathology

Objective To investigate the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemicalcharacteristics of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast(PSCCB). Methods Sixteen patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast were retrospectively reviewed. Twelve cases with a follow-up information were evaluated for ER, PR, C-erbB-2, HCK, Ki-67 expression. Results PSCCB is a very rare neoplasm,constituting 0.8 % of all breast carcinoma over 28 years(1981-2008) in our hospital. The patients age varied from 25 to 72, median age is 49 years old. All patients received operative treatment. Seven patients had metastatic disease in axillary lymph nodes. Three patients died from metastases and tumour recurrence.Tumors were usually ER-negative, but most cases showed high molecular cytokeratin (HCK) expression.Conclusion In terms of the clinical feature, there were no differences between the PSCCB and the other breast cancer. PSCCB could be confirmed by pathology. The prognosis is in controversial. Standard therapy should be studied and recommended in future.

OBJECTIVE:To select the optimum watering extraction process of yangyinqingwei oral liquid. METHODS: Influence of extraction time upon the extraction of volatile oil was observed; The orthogonal design was adopted to observe the extraction process of weight of the extracts and the content of paeoniflorin. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The optimum watering extraction process of yangyinqingwei oral liquid was that medicinal materials were dipped for 30 minutes before decoction,then the extraction of volatile oil in saposhnikovia divaricata and pogostemon cablinlasted for 2 hours, next the residue of drugs and the other drugs were decocted together, and finally water of 8 times as much as the drugs were added and the mixture was extracted 3 times, with 1.5 hours for each time.

Autoimmune Diseases ; immunology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; immunology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; genetics ; immunology ; Sclerosis ; genetics ; immunology ; pathology

Biomarkers, Tumor ; metabolism ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; pathology ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Keratins ; metabolism ; Lymphoma ; pathology ; Mucin-1 ; metabolism ; Urinary Bladder ; pathology ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology

Formation of malignant tumor originating from normal healthy cell is a multistep process including genetic and epigenetic lesions. Previous studies of cell line model systems displayed that early important epigenetic events happened in stepwise fashion prior to cell immortalization. Once these epigenetic alterations are integrated into chromatin, they will perform vertical propagation through cell subculture. Hence, status of epigenetics is dramatically important in maintaining of cell identity. Histone modification is another factor of epigenetic alterations during human oncogenesis. Histones, one of main components of chromatin, can be modified post-translationally. Histone tail modifications are regulated by corresponding modification enzymes. This review focuses on the description of relationship between the main sites of histone modification and oncogenesis.

Humans ; International Agencies ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasm Staging ; methods ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; metabolism ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; pathology ; Seminal Vesicles ; pathology ; Societies, Medical ; Tumor Burden ; United States ; Urinary Bladder ; pathology

Chitinases genes from Metarhizium anisopliae which is an important entomopathogenic fungus were considered one of the key factors to invade their hosts. One Metarhizium anisopliae HN1 strain was isolated and screened. A chitinase gene was amplified by RT-PCR from Metarhizium anisopliae HN1, The whole length of this gene was 1275bp,and the nucleotide sequence of the gene was 96% similarity to that of the M. anisopliae E6 accessed in GenBank ( AF02749). The gene has been registered in GenBank and its accession number is DQ011865. The gene was subcloned into prokaryon expression vector pET-22b( + ), transformed this recombinant expression plasmid into E. coli strain BL 21 and effective expressed. The SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the recombinant protein was 42kDa which is same to the reported article. The expression level of recombinant protein was about 63. 3% of whole expressed proteins , And when recombinant E. coli were crushed by freeze and supersonic wave , the activity assay indicates that the chitinase expressed in bacteria possesses biological activity.

Objective To study the impact of physical stimulus on periosteal chondroplasia with an in- tention of reconstructing cartilage tissue that has a biomechanical function and can be created either entirely in vivo or in vitro and subsequently implanted into the patient.Methods A series of biomechanical test methods were designed in order to investigate the mechanical properties of engineered cartilage under a variety of mechanical stress stimulations.The periosteal explants were harvested from proximal medial tibias of New Zealand rabbits and secured onto poly-?-caprolactone(PCL)scaffolds.The composites(periosteum/PCL)were suspended in the spinner flask bioreactor and the spinner flask was located on the stirring machine.The stem cells were stimulated by fluid shear stress under magnetic bar stirring.Results In gross observation,the thickness and length of neo-cartilage with shear force stimulation were significantly greater than those without shear force.The direction of elongation was parallel with fluid flow direction,regardless of composite orientation.Secondary,two different zones based on various cell morphology and distribution were clearly observed.The thickness of the superficial zone was greater in samples exposed to high shear force compared with low shear force.The superficial zone protein and lubricant were found in the engineered cartilage under shear stress stimulation.Conclusion The results reveal that shear stress can not only influence proliferation and differentiation of stem cells,but also change chondrocyte morphology and increase extracellular matrix production.

Objective To investigate factors affecting residual stones in pediatric patients with the upper urinary calculi un ‐dergoing minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL ) and evaluate MPCNL curative effect before the operation . Methods A total of 240 children underwent MPCNL to remove the upper urinary calculi in People′s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region during the period of January 2009 to November 2014 were analyzed retrospectively .Pediatric patients were di‐vided into two groups by the stone‐free rate after the first operation :those who were stone‐free after the first operation (n= 202) as the control group and those who were residual stones (n= 38) as residual stones observation group .Then the clinical data were sta‐tistically analyzed and find out risk factors which lead to residual stone .Results The stone‐free rate after primary M PCNL was 84 . 2% (202/240) .Univariate analysis showed that stone size (P= 0 .001) ,stone location(P= 0 .014) and number of stones(P= 0 .005) were significant factors which could affect residual stones between the two groups ,while did not relate with gender ,age ,stone side , urinary irritation symptom ,hematuria ,renal colic ,preoperative infection and the degree of hydronephrosis (P > 0 .05) .Multivariate analysis showed that stone size(OR = 2 .593 ,95% CI :1 .228 - 5 .475) ,stone location(OR = 2 .674 ,95% CI :1 .290 - 5 .540)and num‐ber of stones(OR = 2 .397 ,95% CI :1 .145 - 5 .019)were independent predictors of the surgical outcome .Conclusion Stone size , stone location and number of stones are significant factors affecting residual stones in pediatric patients with the upper urinary cal ‐culi undergoing MPCNL .According to the the clinical features of pediatric patients ,we can chose suitable management of upper uri‐nary tract calculi .