To compare posterior choroidal thickness in high myopia amblyopia eyes at different points to high myopia and normal eyes of Chinese children and investigate the relationships between choroidal thickness, axial length and age.METHODS: Fifty Chinese children (65 eyes) with age 4~15 years ( mean 9. 91 ± 3. 41 years) were recruited. By atropine optometry they were divided into high myopia amblyopia group ( 24 eyes ) , high myopia group ( 19 eyes ) , and normal group ( 22 eyes ) . Choroidal scans were obtained for all eyes using enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography ( EDl-OCT) . Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), macular thinkness, choroidal thickness and retinal thickness at 0. 5, 1. 0, 1. 5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0mm superior (S, 12:00 position), temporal ( T, 9:00 position) , inferior ( l, 6:00 position) , nasal ( N, 3:00 position) were measured. Meanwhile, axial lengths of all eyes were measured by A-Scan. RESULTS: Compared high myopia group and emmetropia group, SFCT and the thickness of choroids on each position were thinnest in high myopic amblyopia group, with statistically significant differences (P<0. 05). There was a significant negative correlation between SFCT and axial length in high myopic amblyopia group (r=-0. 531, R2 =0. 282, F=7. 476, P=0. 013), with no relative in age (r=-0. 292, R2=0. 085, F=2. 044, P=0. 167).CONCLUSlON: The choroidal thickness thinning in high myopic amblyopia shows a negative correlation with axial length.

·AlM:To investigate the retinal thickness change of high myopia amblyopic children, so as to discuss the relationships between the retinal thickness of central fovea of macula and the factors of axis oculi and age. · METHODS:Thirty-nine children ( 65 eyes ) with the average age of ( 9.91 3.41 ) years were recruited.All eyes were ruled out the pathological changes of fundus diseases and front section. After a tropine optometry, they were divided into three groups: high myopia amblyopic group ( 24 eyes ) , high myopia group ( 19 eyes) and normal group ( 22 eyes ) .Retinal scans were obtained for all eyes using Heidelberg optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) . Subfoveal macular thickness, retinal thickness at 0.5mm, 1.0mm, 1.5mm, 2.0mm, 2.5mm, 3.0mm superior ( S, 12∶00 position), temporal (T, 9∶00 position), inferior (l, 6∶00 position) and nasal (N, 3∶00 position) from the fovea were measured and axial length was also surveyed by A -ultrasound. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate retinal thickness at each location and to correlate subfoveal macular thickness with axial length and age.
·RESULTS:The average subfoveal macular thinkness of the high myopia amblyopic group was thinner than high myopia group but thicker than normal group.There was no statistical difference between three groups (P>0.05). Retinal thickness inferior to the fovea at 0.5mm temporal and superior to the fovea in the high myopia amblyopic group at 1.0mm temporal were both thinner than normal group which had statistically significant ( P <0.05 ). Retinal thickness on nasal, superior, temporal, and inferior at 1.5mm, 2.0mm, 2.5mm, 3.0mm from the fovea were measured, high myopia amblyopic group were the thinnest in the three groups, and there was statistically significant between three groups ( P<0.05). There was no correlation between the average subfoveal macular thickness and axial length, age in high myopia amblyopic group.
· CONCLUSlON:There are significant abnormalities of macula retinal structure in high myopia amblyopic children.

AIM: To research the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer ( RNFL ) thickness change in high myopia amblyopic children and to discuss the relationships among RNFL thickness, axial length and age.
METHODS:Thirty-five Chinese children (59 eyes) with a mean age of ( 9. 59 ±2. 90 ) years were recruited. All eyes were ruled out the pathological changes of fundus diseases and front section. By atropine optometry after they were divided into: high myopia amblyopia group (22 eyes), high myopia group (15 eyes), normal group (22 eyes) . RNFL scans were obtained for all eyes using optical coherence tomography and axial length was also surveyed by A - ultrasound. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate RNFL thickness at each location with axial length and age.
RESULTS:The peripapillary RNFL thickness in temporal of high myopia amblyopia group was thinner than that in
high myopia group, and thicker than that in normal group. The peripapillary RNFL thickness in nasal, superior, inferior and the average thickness of high myopia amblyopia group were thinner than those in high myopia and normal gruops. The peripapillary RNFL thickness in inferior and average thickness of high myopia amblyopia group were significantly thinner than those of high myopia (P<0. 05). The peripapillary RNFL thickness in nasal, superior, inferior and the average thickness of high myopia amblyopia group were significantly thinner than those of normal (P<0. 01). The peripapillary RNFL thickness in temporal of high myopia group was significantly thicker, and in nasal, superior, inferior and the average thickness were significantly thinner than those of normal (P<0. 05). The thickness of peripapillary RNFL in inferior showed a negative correlation with axial length in high myopia amblyopia group (R=0. 474, R2=0. 225, F=4. 933, P=0. 040). The thickness of peripapillary RNFL in superior showed a negative correlation with axial length in high myopia group (R=0. 642, R2=0. 412, F=9. 104,P=0. 010). These were no correlation between the peripapillary RNFL thickness and age in high myopia amblyopia, myopia amblyopia and normal.
CONCLUSION:There are significant abnormalities of retinal structure in high myopia amblyopia.

Objective To investigate the changes of choroidal thickness in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP)and its effect on visual function.Methods 37 patients with RP(62 eyes)and 30 healthy volunteers(60 eyes) as the control group were selected.The subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)of eyes was detected by using optical coherence tomography(OCT)technology for enhanced depth imaging(EDI).The full -field ERG was performed,and the waveform changes of ERG were recorded.According to T32 or LVC program,the visual fields of RP eyes were examined,the mean sensitivity (MS),mean defect degree (MD)and loss variance (LV)were recorded.The correlations between variables were analyzed by using Pearson correlation analysis.Results The SFCT of RP patients was (218.7 ± 62.8)μm,which of the control group was (291.5 ±54.1)μm,covariance analysis showed that there was no interaction between age and group(F =1.574,P =0.213),compared the two groups,the difference was statistically significant (t =7.347,P <0.001).The ERG latency of RP patients was longer than that of the control group,and the amplitude was lower than the control group,the differences were statistically significant(P <0.05 ).Among 62 eyes in BP patients,the light adaptation response waveforms of 26 eyes reduced,36 eyes had no waveform,there was no difference between SFCT in the waveform reduced and no waveform (P >0.05 ).The dark adaptation response waveform of 23 eyes reduced,39 eyes had no waveform,there was no difference between SFCT in the waveform reduced and no waveform(P >0.05).24 eyes accepted T32 program examined,the MD,MS,LV and SFCT were (19.6 ±6.1)dB, (10.3 ±5.2)dB,(33.9 ±14.9)dB2 and (212.9 ±69.8)μm,respectively.Pearson correlation analysis showed that the SFCT of eyes was negatively correlated with MD and LV(r =-0.502 and -0.687,all P <0.05),while was positively correlated with MS (r =0.551,P =0.005).38 eyes accepted LVC program examined,the MS and SFCT were (7.4 ±4.9)dB and (229.3 ±64.7)μm.Pearson correlation analysis showed that the SFCT of eyes was not correlated with MS (r =0.108,P =0.519).Conclusion The SFCT of RP patients is significantly reduced.But it is not related with the changes of full -field ERG waveform.The correlation with visual field examination is affected by eye condition of central vision.When central vision has less damage,SFCT can reflect central visual photographic ability.

Objective To investigate the expression of microRNA -126(miR -126)in the blood plasma in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR)and its possible mechanism.Methods 81 patients with DR,65 patients with type 2 diabetes and 50 healthy people (control group)were selected.The expression of miR -126 in plasma was detected by real -time PCR.The serum concentration of VEGF was detected by enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The correlations between variables were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis.The value of miR -126 in predicting the occurrence of DR was analyzed by using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curves).Results The expressions of miR -126 in plasma in DR patients and type 2 diabetes were lower than the control group,which in DR patients was lower than the type 2 diabetes,the serum concentrations of VEGF in DR patients and type 2 diabe-tes were higher than the control group,which in DR patients was higher than the type 2 diabetes,the differences were statistically significant (all P <0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed that the expression of miR -126 in plasma was negatively correlated with the concentration of VEGF (r =-0.352,P <0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve for expression level of miR -126 in predicting DR occurrence was 0.848 (95% CI:0.776 -0.919),when the expression level of miR -126 ≤0.47,the sensitivity was 83.1%,and specificity was 80.2%. Conclusion The expression of miR -126 in plasma in DR was reduced,while the serum level of VEGF was elevated.The miR -126 might through negatively regulated VEGF to regulate retinal angiogenesis.It expected to be blood indicators for early detecting DR.

Objective To explore the changes of serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its clinical significances.Methods 148 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM) were divided into diabetic group (T2DM group,n =54),non-proliferative DR group (NDR group,n =49) and proliferative DR group(PDR group,n =45).In the same period,45 healthy subjects were selected as the control group.The clinical data were collected.The serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 were detected.The clinical values of serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 in predicting the progression of DR were analyzed by using the receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve(ROC curve).Results The levels of TC in the PDR group,NDR group and T2DM group were higher than that in the control group[(5.4 ± 0.6) mmoL/L,(5.6 ± 0.8) mmol/L,(4.6 ± 0.6) mmol/L,F =15.376,P ＜ 0.001].The duration of disease,FPG,HbA1 c,TG,LDL-C in the PDR group were higher than those in the NDR group and T2DM group[(12.4 ±2.9)d,(8.2 ±2.1)d,(5.6 ± 1.7) d,F =109.167,P ＜0.001;(10.4 ±2.4) mmol/L,(9.2 ± 0.9) mmol/L,(7.6 ± 1.1) mmol/L,(4.6 ± 0.7) mmol/L,F =86.294,P ＜ 0.001;(11.1 ±1.9) ％,(9.9 ±2.1)％,(7.8 ±0.5)％,(5.5 ± 0.4)％,F =153.854,P ＜0.001;(2.6 ±0.7) mmol/L,(2.5 ±0.5) mmol/L,(1.9-± 0.4) mmol/L,(1.6 ± 0.3) mmol/L,F =38.694,P ＜ 0.001;(4.4 ± 0.8) mmol/L,(3.8 ±0.9) mmol/L,(3.1 ±0.7) mmol/L,(2.4 ±0.5) mmol/L,F =87.261,P ＜0.001],and NDR group ＞ T2DM group ＞the control group,The level of HDL-C in the PDR group were was lower than those in the NDR group,T2DM group and the control group,and NDR group ＜ T2DM group ＜ the control group,the differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).The serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 in the PDR group were higher than those in the NDR group,T2DM group and the control group [(0.92 ± 0.13) ng/mL,(0.64 ± 0.11) ng/mL,(0.47 ± 0.09) ng/mL,(0.31 ±0.07) ng/mL,F =317.850,P ＜ 0.001;(315.74 ± 52.38) pg/mL,(223.49 ± 45.17) pg/mL,(146.35 ± 41.86) pg/mL,(81.07 ± 37.54)pg/mL,F =266.606,P ＜ 0.001],which of the NDR group were higher than the T2DM group and the control group,those of T2DM group were higher than the control group,the differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed that the serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 were positively correlated with disease duration,HbAlc and LDL-C (r =0.276,0.314,0.384 and 0.304,0.335,0.416,all P ＜0.05),while serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 were negatively correlated with HDL-C (r =-0.314 and -0.287,all P ＜ 0.05).The ROC curve showed that the serum levels of TGF-β1 in predicting the progression of DR,the area under the curve was 0.964(95％ CI:0.931 ～0.998),when the cutoff value of TGF-β1 was 0.78ng/mL,the sensitivity was 91.1％,and the specificity was 91.8 ％,and for the serum levels of IL-6,the area under the curve was 0.913 (95 ％ CI:0.855 ～ 0.972),when the cutoff value of IL-6 was 280.45 pg/mL,the sensitivity was 80.0％,and the specificity was 91.8％.Conclusion The serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 in patients with DR are increased,and are correlated with the progression of the disease.They can be used as indicators to assess the progression of patients with disease.

Objective To study the effect of VacA on the secretion of THP-1 macrophages as an individual virulence determinant, and the effect of NF-kB on the secretion of THP-1 macrophages. Methods The recombinant plasmid pDsRed-Monomer-Cl/vacA was transfected into macrophages. The cytokine con-tent of TNF-α or IL-1β in the culture medium was tested quantitatively with ELISA kit, respectively. The content of NO or ROS in the culture medium was tested with Griess reagent or DCFH-DA fluorescent probe. The apoptosis rate of macrophages was tested by flow cytometry. The effect of PDTC, an inhibitor of NF-kB, on the secretion and apoptosis of macrophages transfected with the recombinant plasmids, was also studied. The activity of NF-kB was examined in THP-1 cells by electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay(EMSA). Re-suits At 6 h after transfection, the level of TNF-α and IL-1 β in macrophages transfected with the recombi-nant plasmids was significantly higher than that of the control group (P <0.05). At 6 h or 12 h after trans-fection, the level of NO and ROS in macrophages transfected with the recombinant plasmids was significantly higher than that of the control group (P <0.05). At 16 h after transfection, the apoptosis rate of macropha-ges transfected with the recombinant plasmids was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). PDTC decreased the production of TNF-α, IL-1 β, NO, ROS and apoptosis rate induced by VacA. VacA was found to trigger NF-kB activation. Conclusion The over-expression of VacA fusion protein can up-regulate secretion and apoptosis of macrophages. Activation of NF-kB is probably involved in the produc-tion of TNF-α, IL-1β, NO, ROS and apoptosis induced by VacA.

Objective To investigate the immune response of mucosal immunization of new chitosan(CS) nanoparticles coating DNA vaccine. Methods The chitosan nanoparticles containing plasmid DNA encoding H. pylori lipoprotein Lpp20 gene were prepared using a complex coacervation method and then its speciality were analyzed. We then administered the naked plasmid DNA and chitosan-DNA nanoparticles to 6-week-old female BALB/c mice by intranasal or oral mucosal routes to observe the humoral and cellular immune responses. Results Naked plasmid pcDNA3.1 ( + )/Lpp20 and chitosan-pcDNA3. 1 ( + )/Lpp20 nanoparticles both induced effective immune response in mice through mucosal vaccination. Specific IgG and sIgA antibodies of chitosan-pcDNA3. 1 ( + )/Lpp20 nanoparticles groups were higher than that of naked pcDNA3.1 ( + )/Lpp20 group. The concentration of cytokines IFN-γ and IL-4 in cultural supernatant of T lymphocytes from chitosan-pcDNA3. 1 ( + )/Lpp20 nanoparticles immunized mice increased greatly than that of control groups. After stimulated by corresponding antigen, the stimulation index of intranasal or oral delivery of chitosan-pcDNA3. 1 ( + )/Lpp20 nanoparticles group was significantly higher than that of pcDNA3.1( + )/Lpp20 group, CS group and PBS control group. Moreover, systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice induced by intranasal immunization were stronger than that of oral immunization. Conclusion Chitosan nanoparticles enhanced the immune response of pcDNA3.1 ( + )/Lpp20 DNA vaccine by intranasal or oral administration in BALB/c mice. Compared to oral administration, intranasal delivery of chitosan-pcDNA3.1 ( + )/Lpp20 DNA nanoparticles could induce stronger cellular and humoral immune responses in BALB/c mice.

Objective To make up an exercise prescription based on traditional Chinese medical training (EP-TCMT) for patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods Eighty-five pa- tients with stable COPD were randomly divided into a control group (CG group),a traditional Chinese medicine group ( TC group) and an exercise prescription group ( EP group).The patients in the TC and EP groups were giv- en intensive training for 8 weeks.Their 6 rain walk distance (6MWD) and Borg scale scores were assessed before and after the treatment.Results The 6MWD in the TC group increased from 337.68?59.18 m to 386.14?76.71 m,while those in the EP group improved from 348.00?55.94 m to 425.17?53.22 m.The Borg scale scores in the TC group decreased from 3.14?1.94 to 2.32?1.25,while those in the EP group declined from 3.45?1.84 to 1.72?0.70.Conclusion Making up EP-TCMTs is feasible.Additional treatment was found to improve exercise tolerance and decrease dyspnea in COPD patients.Exercise therapy based on traditional Chinese methods is easy and safe.

Akt1 is a serine-threonine protein kinase that has been implicated in the control of cellular metabolism,survival and growth.Elevated expression of Akt1 has been noted in a significant percentage of human tumors,promoting cellular metastasis.Conversely,some studies have revealed hyperactivated Akt1 inhibited the invasiveness and metastasis of breast cancer cells.To clarify the definite effect of Akt1 on tumorigenesis and development,Akt1 was silenced by RNAi in the highly metastatic murine breast cancer 4T1 cells.Akt1 silencing didn't affect the proliferation of breast cancer cells in MTT assay,while reduced the migration in Transwell assay.Consistent with the above results,Akt1 silencing didn't change the primary tumor weight,but significantly suppressed lung metastasis of 4T1 cells.These observations indicated Akt1 plays an important role in murine breast cancer metastasis,and suggested that Akt1 might be a therapeutic target for breast cancer metastasis.