Neurodegenerative disease is characterized by progressive loss of neurons in specific brain regions that results in neuronal dysfunction of the central nervous system. Although the pathological mechanism is not fully established, the activation of glial cells mediated neuroinflammation appears to be involved. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is originally described as intracellular chaperone, which plays an important role in protein quality control in cells. However, recent study showed that up-regulation of HSP70 had anti-inflammatory effects in the brain. HSP70 protected neurons from damage and improved neurological function by decreasing inflammatory response as indicated by inactivation of glial cells and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine release. So it is of great significance to find new compounds targeting at HSP70 as neuroprotective agents to delay the progress of neurodegenerative disease. This review will focus on the role of HSP70 in neuroinflammation and the recent advances in using HSP70 as a target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease.
Brain ; physiopathology ; Cytokines ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins ; physiology ; Humans ; Inflammation ; pathology ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; physiopathology ; Neurons ; pathology ; Neuroprotection ; Up-Regulation

Aged ; CDX2 Transcription Factor ; Cysts ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Homeodomain Proteins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Keratin-20 ; metabolism ; Mucous Membrane ; pathology ; Peritoneal Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Pseudomyxoma Peritonei ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Rupture ; Splenic Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery

China ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Pathology ; Periodicals as Topic ; history

OBJECTIVETo investigate the characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of ovotesticular disorder of sex development (OT-DSD).

METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed 2 cases of OT-DSD treated in our hospital. The patients were 19 and 15 years old, respectively, and both received systematic physical examination and examinations of the karyotype, sex hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), color Doppler ultrasonography, urethrocystoscopy, and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) test. Under the laparoscope, we performed surgical gonad exploration, gonadectomy, and vulvar orthopedics. Intraoperative exploration and pathology confirmed true hermaphroditism in both cases, with sex selection as female. One underwent laparoscopic resection of the ovotestis, and the other removal of the testis with the ovarian tissue reserved.

RESULTSThe patients were followed up for 12 months postoperatively, which found no abnormality in either the vulvas or the genital glands.

CONCLUSIONSurgical exploration of the gonad is the only method for the diagnosis of OT-DSD and sex selection is the key to treatment. Laparoscopic surgical exploration of the gonad and vulvar orthopedics are the first treatment options.

Adolescent ; Chorionic Gonadotropin ; Female ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones ; Humans ; Karyotype ; Laparoscopy ; Male ; Ovary ; Ovotesticular Disorders of Sex Development ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Testis ; surgery ; Young Adult

Antigens, CD20 ; metabolism ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Interferon Regulatory Factors ; metabolism ; Leg ; pathology ; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse ; complications ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Middle Aged ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism ; Skin Neoplasms ; complications ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Thrombocytopenia ; complications

To explore the facilitation of nociceptive response by dynorphin (Dyn ) A in a model of formalin test in rats, the effects of single intrathecal injection (i.t.) of normal saline (NS), MK-801 (antagonist of NMDA receptor), naloxone (antagonist of opioid receptor), or Dyn A (1-17) were observed, and the effects of i.t. MK-801 or naloxone followed by i.t. Dyn A (1-17) were observed as well. The nociceptive licking and biting induced by injection of formalin exhibited two phases. The first phase lasted for a relatively short period of 3-9 min, and the second phase lasted for a relatively longer period after a 3 to 6- min quietness. The results showed that there were no differences in the first phase in all groups; however, there were differences in the second phase as follows: (1) the duration of nociceptive response was significantly increased in Dyn A (1-17) group (489.5+/-22.5 s) as compared to that of NS group (344.7+/-12.9 s), MK-801 group (331.4+/-20.7 s) or naloxone group (352.5+/-18.4 s) (P<0.01 in three cases); (2) the duration of nociceptive response was significantly shortened in MK-801 plus Dyn A (1-17) group (285.7+/-19.4 s) as compared to that of Dyn A (1-17) group (P<0.01), but there were no significant differences as compared to that of MK-801 group; and (3) there was no significant difference in the second phase between naloxone plus Dyn A (1-17) group (473.8+/-17.8 s) and Dyn A (1-17) group, but the duration of nociceptive response was longer than that of NS group or naloxone group (P<0.01 in both). The results obtained suggest: (1) at the spinal cord, Dyn A (1-17) facilitates nociceptive responses; (2) NMDA receptors, but not opioid receptors, are possibly involved in the nociception by Dyn A (1-17).
Animals ; Dizocilpine Maleate ; pharmacology ; Dynorphins ; pharmacology ; Formaldehyde ; Injections, Spinal ; Naloxone ; pharmacology ; Nociceptors ; physiology ; Pain ; chemically induced ; physiopathology ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; antagonists & inhibitors ; physiology

Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent and glycyrrhizin has activities of anti-inflammation, immunoregulation and anti-viral infections. To enhance antiviral efficacy and weaken side-effects of ribavirin, antiviral effects of the combination of glycyrrhizin and ribavirin were studied in the present study. Firstly, a mouse model of viral pneumonia was established by inoculation of influenza H1N1 virus. Protective effects of glycyrrhizin and ribavirin used alone or in combination against H1N1 virus infection in mice were evaluated based on the survival rate, lung index and virus titer in lungs of mice. Results showed that the combination of glycyrrhizin and ribavirin significantly inhibited the lung consolidation with a 36% inhibition ratio on the lung swell of infected mice. The combination of the two drugs exhibited synergetic effects on survival of infected mice. The combination of 50 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1) glycyrrhizin and 40 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1) ribavirin resulted a 100% protection for infected mice with a synergetic value of 36, which was significantly higher than the control group and each drug alone. This combination also resulted a significant drop of lung virus titer (P < 0.01), as well as inhibition on the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 (P < 0.01), TNF-α (P < 0.01) and IL-1β (P < 0.05) induced by virus infection compared to the control. The treatment of ribavirin plus glycyrrhizin was more effective in influenza A infection in mice than either compound used alone, which suggested a potential clinical value of the combination of the two agents.
Animals ; Antiviral Agents ; pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drug Synergism ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Glycyrrhizic Acid ; pharmacology ; Inflammation ; immunology ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; drug effects ; Interleukin-1beta ; immunology ; Interleukin-6 ; immunology ; Lung ; immunology ; virology ; Mice ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; drug therapy ; Pneumonia, Viral ; drug therapy ; Ribavirin ; pharmacology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; immunology

Objective To investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of ampicillin-sulbactam,clindamycin and cefoperazone a- gainst common clinical isolates.Methods MICs of these three antibiotics were determined by E test.Results Ampicillin-sulbae- tam showed inhibition rate of 100% for methicillin susceptible S.aureus (MSSA),E.faecalis,Group A Streptococcus,H. influenzae,penicillin-susceptible S.pneumoniae (PSSP),M.catarrhalis and anaerobes (including 10 strains of Bacteroid spp.,2 strains of P.aches,1 strain of E.lentum,1 strain of Fusobacterium innocuum,and 2 strains of Peptostreptococcus spp.).Ampicillin-sulbactam was active against 86.7% of extended-spectrum?-lactamase non-producing K.pneumoniae (NES- BL-KPN) and 53.3% of non ESBL-producing E.coli (NESBL-ECO).Ampicillin-sulbactam only inhibited 23.3% of A.bau- mannii isolates and 25.0% of E.faecium isolates.For MSSA,anaerobes,PSSP and group A Streptococcus,about 60.0%, 31.2%,30.0% and 10.0% of the isolates were susceptible to clindamycin,respectively.For MSSA,NESBL-ECO and NES- BL-KPN,96.7% to 100% of the isolates were susceptible to cefoperazone.About 40.0% of P.aeruginosa isolates were sus- ceptible to cefoperazone.No A.baumannii isolate was susceptible to cefoperazone.Conclusions The ampicillin-sulbactam has good antimicrobial activity against MSSA,E.faecalis,Group A Streptococcus,NESBL-KPN,H.influenzae,PSSP,M.ca- tarrhalis and anaerobes.In this study,clindamycin is active against 60% of MSSA isolates.Most of other species are relatively resistant to clindamycin.Cefoperazone shows good activity against MSSA,NESBL-ECO,and NESBL-KPN.These three anti- microbial agents can be used as empirical treatment for community-acquired infections.

Objective To investigate the dietary pattern for aged patients with hypertension in the community and provide basis for implementing the nursing intervention. Methods 104 aged patients with hypertension in one cummunity of Changehun City were sampled to be surveyed by diet questionnaire at random. Results The daily intakes of grain, meat, oils and salt for everyone were (279.9±31.4), (73.1±40.6), (36.9±10.5) and (9.2±3.5) g/d, respectively The daily intakes of fruit, fish and milk were (176.9±115.5), (16.5±14.7) and (120.2±124.1) g/d, respectively. The ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat was improper. The percentages of energy from fat, carbohydrate and protein were 34%, 54% and 12%, respectively. So, the energy from fat was relatively high, and the energy from protein was reasonable. The daily intake of natrium was excessive. However, the daily intakes of calcium, magnesium, potassium were not enough. Conclusions Compared with Dietary Guideline and Balance Diet Pagoda for Chinese Residents, current dietary pattern for aged patients with hypertension is unreasonable. Reasonable and pertinent nursing intervention should he carried out in order to help aged patients with hypertension acquire correct concepts of dietary and good habits of dietary.

Colectomy ; Colonic Neoplasms/surgery* ; Colonoscopy ; Humans ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes/pathology* ; Robotic Surgical Procedures