Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of tryptophan to kynurenine. IDO1 is highly expressed in some tumor tissues. IDO1 can deplete tryptophan in tumor microenvironment, inhibit T cell function, and mediate the immune escape of tumor cells. Thus, IDO1 is considered a potential target of tumor immunotherapy. Currently, there are several IDO1 inhibitors in clinical research studies. The mechanism of IDO1-mediated tumor immune escape and the structure of IDO1 inhibitors are summarized in this review.

OBJECTIVEThe SSR information in the transcriptome of Erigeron breviscapus was analyzed in this study, in order to further develop new functional genes SSR markers laid a solid foundation.

METHODSSR loci were searched in all of 52,060 unigenes by using est_timmer. Perl program and SSR primers were designed by Primer3. Furthermore, 36 pairs of primers were randomly selected for the polymorphism analysis on 13 Erigeron breviscapus plants collected from different places.

RESULTA total of 3639 SSRs were found in the transcriptome of Erigeron breviscapus, distributed in 3260 unigenes with the distribution frequency of 6.99%. Di-nucleotide repeat was the main type, account for as much as 34.41% of all SSRs, followed by mono-nucleotide (31.41%) and tri-nucleotide repeat motif (28.08%). The di-nucleotide repeat motifs of AT/AT and AC/GT were the predominant repeat types (28.71%). The tri-nucleotide repeat motifs of AAT/AT was the predominant repeat types (7.94%). For validation the availability of those SSR primers, we randomly selected 36 pairs of primers for PCR amplification. Among them, 34 pair primers (94.44%) produced clear and reproductive bands, 19 pair primers showed polymorphism (52.78%), and 13 Erigeron breviscapus plants were divided into 2 groups.

CONCLUSIONThere are numerous SSRs in Erigeron breviscapus transcriptome with high frequency and various types, this will provide abundant candidate molecular markers for genetic diversity study and genetic map in this plant.

China ; DNA Primers ; genetics ; Erigeron ; classification ; genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Transcriptome

Background & Objective:Background &Objective: The class Ⅰ Alcohol Dehydrogenases (ADH) play a key role in hepatic alcohol catabolism. Human ADH is encoded by at least seven genes, and three class Ⅰ ADH genes-ADH1, ADH2 and ADH3, which encode the α, β, and γ subunit respectively, had been isolated and mapped on chromosome 4q21-q25. This experiment tends to clone the human class Ⅰ ADH and investigate its role in the hepatic alcohol catabolism. Methods: A pair of primers were designed and the full-length cDNAs encoding human Class Ⅰ ADH were cloned at one time. Class Ⅰ ADH cDNAs were amplified with RT-PCR from total RNA extracted from fetal human liver and kidney, and cloned into pGEM-T vector. To identify cDNA segments, a pair of differential primers was designed. By using them, a portion of the ADHs which encodes the segment from -4 to 296 was cloned. These cDNA segments then were detected directly when being digested with Kpn Ⅰ and Pst Ⅰ, respectively. Then all the full-length cDNAs were subcloned in the plasmid pTYB11 and expressed in E. Coli. Stably. Alcohol Dehydrogenase activity of catalyzing alcohol were monitored at 340 nm. Results: Here we had successfully the human class Ⅰ ADH cloned and the full-length cDNAs expressed in E.col.I stably. The relative activity of recombinant enzymes metabolizing ethanol was 0.81 ～1.31 U/mg,0.09 ～0.15 U/mg and 0.76～1.11 U/mg, respectively. Conclusions: In the paper, the full-length cDNAs encoding human class Ⅰ AD H were successfully cloned and expressed and the recombinant enzymes showed the activities similar to the ones isolated from liver.

BACKGROUND: The quality of treatment for critically ill children varies widely at different hospitals. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of mortality in a pediatric emergency department (PED) at a tertiary children's hospital in Guangzhou, China and to investigate the risk factors associated with the mortality. METHODS: The mortality of pediatric patients at the hospital from 2011 to 2013 was retrospectively analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Altogether 466919 patients visited the PED during the period and 43925 of them were admitted for further observation. In 230 deaths, the ratio of boys to girls was 1.4:1, and their age ranged from 2 hours to 16 years (median, 5 months). The time from admission to death ranged from 0 to 216 hours (median, 1.5 hours). There were 92 (40％) patients who died within 24 hours after admission and 104 (45.2％) patients who died on arrival. The prominent causes of the deaths were respiratory diseases, neuromuscular disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and sepsis, most of which were ascribed to severe infection. Sixty-five deaths were associated with more than one concomitant problem. The top concomitant problems were congenital malformation, low gestational age, and severe birth asphyxia. CONCLUSIONS: In our center, 40％ of the patients in the PED died of fatal acute diseases, and pneumonia was the first leading cause of the deaths. Almost half of the deaths occurred on arrival and the rest were due to end-stage malignant diseases. This study emphasized the importance of prevention of birth deficits by reducing deaths in infants and children.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of local application of zoledronic acid (ZA) on the expression of type I collagen and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

METHODSFifty-four male Wistar rats were divided into ZA group, gelatin sponge group, and blank control group after one-side tooth extraction. The expression of type I collagen and VEGF were detected with SP immunohistochemistry method 1, 2 and 4 weeks after operation.

RESULTSThe gray value of type I collagen in ZA group (60.00 ± 1.81, 63.47 ± 3.02) was lower than those in gelatin sponge group (68.58 ± 2.90, 71.15 ± 5.57) and blank control group (69.16 ± 9.63, 72.50 ± 4.10, P < 0.05) in the 1 and 2 week. In the ZA and gelatin sponge groups, the gray values of type I collagen were higher in the 4th week than in the 1st and 2nd week (P < 0.05). The expression of VEGF was higher in ZA group (69.93 ± 2.74) than in gelatin sponge group (60.86 ± 4.79) and blank control group (61.52 ± 2.28) in the 1st week (P < 0.05). There was significant difference in VEGF expression between the 2nd week and 1st and 4th week (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSLocal application of ZA could enhance the expression of type I collagen but inhibit the expression of VEGF in the early stage.

Administration, Topical ; Animals ; Bone Density Conservation Agents ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Bone Regeneration ; drug effects ; Diphosphonates ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Imidazoles ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Tooth Extraction ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; metabolism

This study was purposed to investigate the changes in quantum and function of gammadelta T cell subsets, and to explore its significance in pathogenesis of acquired pure red cell aplastic anemia (A-PRCA). Eleven patients were diagnosed as A-PRCA based on bone marrow smear and biopsy, and were treated with cyclosporine A and glucosidorum tripterygll totorum. The flow cytometry technique was used for analyses of T cells subsets and gammadelta T cells. Furthermore, peripheral mononuclear cells (MNC) isolated from A-PRCA patients were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (10(5) cells/ml) containing 10% FCS, phytohemagglutinin (PHA, 10 microg/ml), and recombinant human interleukin-2 (rIL-2, 50 U/ml) for two weeks, then gammadelta T cells were isolated with the TCRgammadelta Microbead Kit from cultured cells. The collected gammadelta T cells were incubated with normal control bone marrow MNC in RPMI 1640 medium (37 degrees C, 5% CO2 atmosphere) for CFU-E, CFU-GM, and BFU-E colony assay. The result showed that compared with the control group, CD3(+), CD8(+) cells increased significantly in the patient group (P < 0.05), the CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio decreased and reversed, and gammadelta T cells were significantly increased in patient group (P < 0.05). After treatment with cyclosporine A, 9 out of 11 patients got good response, and CD3(+), CD8(+) cells in the responding patient decreased, the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) returned to normal, and gammadelta T cells also decreased to normal range. Moreover, in vitro culture, the gammadelta T cells isolated from A-PRCA patients showed an inhibiting action to CFU-E and BFU-E but not to CFU-GM in a dose-dependent manner. It is concluded that gammadelta T cells increase in A-PRCA patients, and decrease in parallel to normal range with significant improvement of anemia symptoms after immune suppressive therapy. The gammadelta T cells isolated from A-PRCA patients showed an inhibiting action to CFU-E and BFU-E but not to CFU-GM in vitro culture, suggesting that gammadelta T cells may bring an impact on the research of A-PRCA pathogenesis. Cyclosporine A demonstrated better therapeutic effect on A-PRCA patients.
Adult ; Aged ; CD4-CD8 Ratio ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclosporine ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta ; physiology ; Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure ; drug therapy ; etiology ; immunology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets ; cytology ; T-Lymphocytes ; cytology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; immunology

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of Zhen'ai needling method in Nei Jing (Classic of Internal Medicine) for children with allergic rhinitis (AR) accompanied by adenoid hypertrophy (AH). Methods: A total of 74 children who met the screening criteria were divided into a Zhen'ai group and a control group by the random number table method, with 37 cases in each group. The control group was treated with acupuncture at Zusanli (ST 36), Hegu (LI 4), Yingxiang (LI 20), Juliao (ST 3), Yintang (GV 29), Shangxing (GV 23) and Baihui (GV 20). The Zhen'ai group added points of Zhen'ai needling method {Shanglianquan [Extra, located at 1 cun above Lianquan (CV 23)], Tianrong (SI 17) and Lieque (LU 7)} in addition to the points in the control group. The needles were retained for 30 min. The treatment was performed twice a week. The total nasal symptom score (TNSS), sino-nasal outcome test-20 (SNOT-20) and symptom scale for AH (SSAH) were assessed before and after 10 treatments. The clinical efficacy of the two groups was compared after treatment. Results: During the treatment, 5 cases dropped out in the control group and 2 cases in the Zhen'ai group. After treatment, the total effective rate of the Zhen'ai group was 94.3％, versus 93.8％ in the control group. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The markedly effective rate of the Zhen'ai group was 42.9％, versus 12.5％ in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). After treatment, there were significant intra-group differences in the scores of TNSS, SNOT-20 and SSAH in both groups (all P<0.05); the scores of SNOT-20 and SSAH in the Zhen'ai group were lower than those in the control group, and the differences between the groups were statistically significant (both P<0.05). Conclusion: Both conventional acupuncture and conventional acupuncture plus Zhen'ai needling method can improve clinical symptoms of children with AR accompanied by AH; and conventional acupuncture plus Zhen'ai needling method has a better effect than conventional acupuncture in improving AH symptoms.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of prevention and treatment of chemotherapy induced peripheral neurpathy (CIPN) by vincristine via using TCM prescription of peripheral neuropathy hand-food soaking combined with mecobalamin. Methods Totally 120 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who all received chemotherapy drugs including vincristine were randomly divided into treatment group (36 cases), control group (36 cases) and combined treatment group (36 cases). All groups received routine treatment (all used CHOP, R-CHOP and H-CAVD plans for the first time), for 6 cycles of chemotherapy. The control group was given mecobalamin at the same time, 0.5 mg each time, oral administration, three times a day. The treatment group was given TCM prescription of peripheral neuropathy hand-foot soaking at the same time, hands first and feet later, 20 minutes each time, twice a day. The combined treatment group was given TCM prescription of peripheral neuropathy and mecobalamin at the same time, the same as the former method. 7 days were set as one treatment course, and all the treatment lasted for 6 cycles of chemotherapy. The incidence and degree of CIPN were evaluated in 2, 4, and 6 cycles of chemotherapy, and the satisfaction was compared. 50 patients of CIPN degree ≥Ⅱ were screened, paused chemotherapy, and participated in consolidation treatment research. The 50 patients were assigned into treatment group (25 cases) and control group (25 cases). The control group took oral mecobalamin, and the treatment group used TCM prescription of peripheral neuropathy hand-foot soaking; the methods were the same as former methods, for 20 d. Clinical efficacy and satisfaction of both groups were evaluated. Results After the second cycle of chemotherapy, the incidence of CIPN in the treatment group and the combined treatment group were obviously lower than the control group (P<0.05). After the fourth cycle of chemotherapy, the incidence of CIPN in the combined treatment group were obviously lower than the control group (P<0.01); the incidence of CIPN degree ≥Ⅱ in the treatment group and combined treatment group were obviously lower than the control group (P<0.05). After the sixth cycle of chemotherapy, the incidence of CIPN degree ≥Ⅱ in the treatment group and combined treatment group were obviously lower than the control group (P<0.01). The satisfaction rate of the treatment group was higher than the control group (P<0.01). For the consolidation therapy to patients of CIPN degree ≥Ⅱ, there was no statistical significance in clinical efficacy between the treatment group and the control group (P>0.05), but the satisfaction rate of the treatment group was higher than the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion TCM prescription of peripheral neuropathy hand-food soaking combined with mecobalamin can obviously relieve CIPN degree induced by vincristine, and improve the life quality of patients.

Objective To explore the effect of family support service intervention on improving the rehabilitation of patients with severe mental disorders in community and the mental health status and family burden of family members. Methods Using multi-stage random sampling method, 100 patients who met the diagnostic criteria of severe mental disorders were randomly selected from two communities, and then 100 patients who met the diagnostic criteria of severe mental disorders were randomly matched according to gender, age and diagnosis in other communities into the control group. The control group and intervention group were set up strictly according to the inclusion criteria of patients and their families. Results The average age of the 200 groups was (48.27±12.67) years, and the average age of the family members was (63.61±13.19) years. After intervention, the activity dailyliving scale (ADL) scores of the control group were higher than those of the intervention group at all time points (all P<0.05). After intervention, the social disability screening schedule (SDSS) scores of the control group were higher than those of the intervention group at all time points (all P<0.05). After intervention, there was no significant difference in the morningside rehabilitation status scale (MRSS) score between the intervention group and the control group at all time points (all P>0.05). After intervention, the SCL-90(self-reporting inventory) scores of the mental health of the family members in the control group were higher than those in the intervention group at all times (all P<0.05). After intervention, the family burden scale of diseases (FBS) scores of the control group were higher than those of the intervention group at all time points (all P<0.05). Conclusions The intervention measures did improve the rehabilitation effect of severe mental disorder patients in community and the psychological and family burden of family members. A professional family support service team should be established.