Animals ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Risk Factors

Adult ; Brucellosis ; epidemiology ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Occupational Exposure ; Risk Factors

China ; epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases ; epidemiology ; Disease Notification ; methods ; Humans ; Mandatory Reporting ; Rural Health Services

Herpes zoster is a kind of acute viral infection caused by varicella zoster virus.The postherpetic neuralgia is the main complication of herpes zoster.Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia cause huge disease burden and economic burden in the world. In this paper, we reviewed the epidemiological characters and economic burden of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia based on the latest studies,and provided a new research direction for prevention and treatment for our country.

Objective To explore the effects of sulfentanil on the per-centage of β1 -band power of quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalo-graphy ( QPEEG ) in rabbits, and its relationship with opioid recep-tor.Methods Thirty-six healthy rabbits were divided randomly into six groups(n=6):normal group (0.9%NaCl 1 mL? kg-1), low, medium, high doses sulfentanil groups ( 1.5 , 3 , 6 μg? kg -1 ) , naloxone group (400 μg? kg-1 ) and naloxone and sulfentanil group ( naloxone 400μg? kg -1 and sulfentanil 3 μg? kg-1 ) .The percentage of each band power was respectively noted down 30 s before administration and 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 25 min after administration.Results Compared with the baseline, the percentage ofβ1 -band power was decreased in the groups of medium, high doses sulfentanil ( P <0.05 ) , which had a negative correlation with sulfentanil dose ( P <0.05 ) . There was no obvious change in the percentage of β1 -band power in the group of naloxone compared with the baseline ( P >0.05 ) .Conclusion Sulfentanil de-creases the percentage ofβ1 -band power in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect is mediated by the opioid receptor.

Objective Modeling HAdV-3 infect Hep-2 cells in vitro.The effect of realgar nanoparticles on the expression of HAdV-3 is detected by using fluorescent quantitative PCR.Method The experiment is divided into four groups:Hep-2 cells control group,HAdV-3 virus control group,realgar nanoparticle group and ribavirin group.In order to detect HAdV-3 viral load,add realgar nanoparticles and ribavirin in vitro and remain that vitro for 24 hours when HAdV-3 has infected Hep-2 cells,extract total DNA of Hep-2 cells infected by HAdV-3,and establish Real-time PCR reaction system of every experimental groups.Result The Hep-2 cells group has no amplification curve,the Ct value is greater than 35,which illustrate HAdV-3 pathogen detection is negative.However,realgar nanoparticles group,ribavirin group and the HAdV-3 group have amplification curve,the Ct values are 29.30 ± 0.08,33.05 ± 1.29,26.01 ± 0.25 respectively,which illustrate HAdV-3 pathogen detection is positive.The viral copy amount of the adenovirus group(66 699 932 ±23.85) is more than that of realgar nanoparticles group (912 435.44 ± 16.57),and much greater than that of ribavirin group(459 124.84 ± 12.82) (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The model of Hep-2 cell infected by HAdV-3 is reliable.The method of quantitative PCR is sensitive and specific.Realgar nanoparticles have a certain inhibition role for adenovirus nucleic acid replication.

Caliciviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans ; Norovirus ; Rotavirus ; Rotavirus Infections ; epidemiology

Objective To investigate the characteristics about the prevalence of thyroid nodules detected on color Doppler uhrasonography(US) in people residing in Dalian City who undergo regular physical examinations, as well as its relative factors. Methods All thyroid sonographic and questionair procedures were performed in the 6020 people above 18-year-old living in the four districts of Dalian City for at least 5 years, who were examined at the department of health medical center of Dalian Municipal Central Hospital from May 2006 to March 2007. Urinary iodine concentration was measured in 2039 healthy adults selected by age layers in our study population. Moreover, urinary iodine concentrations were determined in 220 children aged 8-10 years old who were randomly chosen from four communities (55 children per elementary school from each community). The analysis of logistic regression was conducted for the risk factors linked to thyroid nodules. Results The prevalence of thyroid nodules in the 6020 adults was 38.5%(2319/6020), in which nodules sized between 0.3 and up to 0.5 cm were found in 17.1% (1030/6020), and those above 0.5 cm in 21.4% (1289/6020). Ultrsonography revealed solitary nodules in 17.2% (1036/6020), multinodular goiter in 21.3% (1283/6020). Fifty-four point nine percent (1272/2319) thyroid nodules showed solid internal echographic structures, 30.2%(701/2319) mixed and 14.9%(346/2319). The thyroid nodule detected rate in female individuals was 46.1% (1102/2393), among whom multinodular goiter [59.1% (651/1102)] was more than solitary nodules[40.9(451/1102)] in female; while only 33.6%(1217/3627) of male were detected to have thyroid nodule, there was a difference between the genders (χ2=95,079,P<0.01). The mediam urinary iodine concentration(MUI) was 184.32 μg/L in children and 216.75 μg/L in the health adults, moreover, it was 216.55 μg/L and 217.00 μg/L in the people with thyroid nodules and those without nodules without a significant difference (P>0.05). The rate of thyroid nodules gradually increased with age(χ2=344.998, P<0.01). The occurance of thyroid nodules was significant associated with gender and age(P<0.01). Conclusions The nutritional iodine intake in the four communities of Dalian City are adequate. The prevalence of thyroid incidentalomas is relatively high in this group of people receiving medical examination.

Objective To investigate the effects of flurbiprofen axetil on percentage of each band power of quantitative pharmaco -electroence-hphalography ( QPEEG ) in rabbits.Methods Twenty -four healthy rabbits were randomly divided into four groups ( n =6 ): 0.9%NaCl 1 mL· kg -1 group, flurbiprofen axetil 5, 10, and 20 mg · kg -1 groups.The QPEEG and power spectral analysis were adopted to analyze the changes of brain electrical activities before and after the intravenous in-jection of flurbiprofen axetil.Results Compared with the baseline , the percentages of each encephalic region and band power had no significant differences in these four groups ( P>0.05 ).Conclusion Flurbiprofen axetil has no obvious effect on percentage of each band power of quantita-tive pharmaco-electroencephalography in rabbits , suggesting that its site of action is not in the cerebral cortex.It is quite different from the opioid analgesics.

OBJECTIVETo isolate and identify the influenza virus that caused four influenza-like-illness outbreaks in Jining city of Shandong Province in 2009 and analyze the genetic characteristics of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene, the variation of these genes were studied.

METHODS34 nasopharyngeal swabs from fever patients of four influenza-like-illness outbreaks were collected and diagnosed by real time quantitative RT-PCR method. The positive samples were incubated and cultured for virus. HA and NA genes of isolated pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus were sequenced, the homology analysis was done with DNAStar software and the genetic evolution and amino acid substitutions were performed with Mega 4.0 software. The sequences were compared with WHO recommended vaccine virus, native reference virus.

RESULTSSeventeen of 34 nasopharyngeal swabs were positive, 11 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viruses were isolated and HA and NA genes of 7 strains were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene of Shandong outbreak strains showed that there were 98.4% - 99.6% and 99.2% - 100.0% sequence identity. Compared with WHO-recommended vaccine strain, the reference virus in mainland China strain, eleven amino acids were changed for HA protein, including position 38, 40, 56, 90, 100, 145, 172, 173, 220, 303 and 338, and 38, 40, 303 of HA protein were located in the antigenic determination C cluster, 172, 173 in the D cluster, 56 in the E cluster, site 40 of HA protein were glycosylated. In NA protein, seven amino acids were changed, including position 80, 106, 241, 248, 351, 369 and 386, site 40 of NA protein were glycosylated. No mutations of 275 in NA protein were found.

CONCLUSIONThe HA and NA genes of the epidemic strains showed high homology, some mutations in the HA and NA proteins were found, the antigenic site and glycosylation site of some strains were changed during the epidemic process.

China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Glycosylation ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus ; genetics ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; virology ; Neuraminidase ; genetics