The examination system for the licensing of doctors was eventually established against a background of constant growth of China's socialist market economy. Conduction of the professional qualification examination is the prerequisite of the State's adoption of the professional license system. It is also the inevitable choice for developing a mature and standard socialist market economy. The paper reviews the process of the establishment of the system, out- lines the features of the examination in content design, organization and implementation, and puts forward measures for perfecting the system in China. The measures include: further improving the organization and management system and the rules and regulations for conducting the examination; grasping the features and patterns of criterion-referenced test- ing in the field of medical examinations; rendering the examination system more scientific, ettectine and reliable; and deepening reform of medical education under the framework of the new medical examination system. [

At present, a number of scientific research achievements has been formed. Scientific achievement is the crystallization of great efforts from scientific workers, and it's also the valuable treasure of human civilization. Standardization is an important way to promote the international communication of Chinese medicine, and it's significant in boosting China's scientific and technological progress, improving market competitiveness and promoting international trade. Transformation of scientific research to the guideline is not only beneficial to improving the technology content of the standard, but also to the conversion from scientific research achievements into productivity. Therefore, only by absorbing the advanced scientific and technological achievements, reproducing the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and medical technology in standard form, can make TCM keep pace with the times. This study preliminarily explores for the method to transform scientific research achievements into guideline, in order to provide reference for the future technical specifications, thus to further the development of TCM.
Achievement ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; standards

Objective To investigate the characteristics of family environment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in clinics, and analyse the risk factors for ADHD. Methods Two thousand two hundred and ninety-six children with inattention, hyperactivity or unfavourable school performance were subjected to diagnosis with DSM-Ⅳ criteria in clinics. The characteristics of family environment were investigated by self-prepared questionnaires. The risk factors for ADHD were explored by univariate analysis and noneonditioned multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Results Seven hundred and twenty children were diagnosed with ADHD. There were significant differences in family environment between children with ADHD and those without(P<0.05 or P<0.01). The risk factors for ADHD included discord between parents, parental smoking and maternal depression during pregnancy and after delivery, while older age, female, paternal higher educational background were protective factors for ADHD. Conclusion Unfavourable family environment may be associated with the prevalence of ADHD, and special attention should be paid to the family environment in the treatment of ADHD.

This article systematically summarizes the non-clinical safety studies, pharmacological studies and postmarketing safety studies of Xiyanping injection based on literature. These studies include acute toxicity test, long-term toxicity test, reproductive toxicity test, active and passive anaphylaxis test, curative mechanism study, clinical trials of effectiveness, active surveillance, security analysis of passive monitoring data, the real world analysis of hospital information system (HIS) data, literature analysis, etcetera This article also analysis the relationship of the different evidence, summarizes the strategy of the researches, in order to make it to be a reference for making a systemic research program of traditional Chinese medicine injection.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Injections ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing

According to the existing Provisions for Drug Registration (SFDA Order No. 28), applications for new drugs of traditional Chinese medicine are divided into two parts: the applications for drug clinical trial and for drug production (including new drug certificate). It will last for about 10 years from the application for drug clinical trial to get approving, and it also remains many problems and the low probability to succeed. From the sight of pharmaceutical review, there are mainly two aspects of regulatory compliance and technical issues, mainly for changes without approval of the competent authorities of the country. For example, sample preparation and approval of clinical trial process are significant changes. Technical problems are reporting incomplete data or information submitted does not comply with the technical requirements for review, such as: production process validation does not provide information, the preparation of samples for clinical trials and field inspection, production information, or the information provided does not meet the technical requirements. This paper summarizes the frequently asked questions and to make recommendations to advise applicants concerned, timely detection of problems, avoid risk, improving the quality and efficiency of the application for registration.
China ; Drug Approval ; legislation & jurisprudence ; Drug Evaluation ; legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Legislation, Drug ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Language Development ; Sampling Studies

Action Potentials ; drug effects ; physiology ; Animals ; Guinea Pigs ; Heart Ventricles ; drug effects ; Lysophospholipids ; pharmacology ; Myocardial Contraction ; drug effects ; physiology ; Myocardium ; Sphingosine ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology

Purpose To explore the effect of ultrasonic section,patient position and other factors on Young's modulus and shear wave velocity measurement of the muscle,and to study the consistency between Young's modulus and shear wave velocity on reflection of muscle hardness.Materials and Methods Shear wave elastography was used to detect 10 healthy young men and 10 women.Longitudinal and transverse detection of the Young's modulus and shear wave velocity of gastrocnemius and soleus were performed in natural ankle joint position,maximum plantar flexion and maximum dorsiflexion position.Results ① Comparison of the elasticity measurement between gastrocnemius and soleus.There were significant differences in the Young's modulus in the maximum plantar flexion and Young's modulus and shear wave velocity in maximum dorsiflexion position in longitudinal detection (P＜0.05) that gastrocnemius measurements were higher than soleus measurements.There were significant differences in Young's modulus and the shear wave velocity (P＜0.05) in natural position and maximum dorsiflexion position that soleus measurements were higher than gastrocnemius measurements.② In the positions of the ankle joints,the differences between longitudinal detection values and transverse detection values of gastrocnemius or soleus were statistically significant (P＜0.01) and longitudinal detection values were higher than transverse detection values.③ Comparison of the elasticity measurement of gastrocnemius and soleus muscle among different positions of the ankle joints.The measurement in natural position and in the maximum plantar flexion were evidently higher than that in the maximum dorsiflexion position (P＜0.01) in longitudinal detection.The maximum dorsiflexion position showed higher elasticity measurement.Only elasticity measurement in natural position and the maximum plantar flexion of the soleus was statistically different from that in the maximum dorsiflexion position (P＜0.01) that it was higher in the maximum dorsiflexion position.Conclusion The ultrasound elasticity measurements of gastrocnemius and soleus are related with the ultrasonic longitudinal or transverse section and the relative ankle positions.Moreover,there are some differences in elasticity measurements between these two muscles.should be given to all of these in quantitative evaluation of muscle hardness using shear wave ultrasound elastography.

Objective To explore the early diagnosis and treatment of congenital mesenteric hiatual hernia.Methods A retrospective study was carried out in 4 patients with congenital mesenteric hiatual hernia in Tongji hospital from Nov.2005 to Mar.2007,and combining lite-rature,the diagnosis and treatment of mesenteric hiatal hernia was summed up.Results Four patients were diagnosed in operation.One case was thought as adhesive intestinal obstruction before operation;two patients were on emergency operation and 2 patients were on time-elective operation;one patient preoperative CT scan may suggest mesenteric hiatal hernia;one case had partial resection of small intestinal,the others were replaced the intestine and fixed the defect.One patient occurred early septic shock;all of them had get well.Conclusions It′s hard to diagnose the congenital mesenteric hiatual hernia before operation.Abdomen CT examination and multislice spiral CT angiography (MSCTA) help to diagnose.Early diagnosis and timely operation are the therapeutic key of congenital mesenteric hiatual heria.For the patients with recurrent abdominal pain,who was not confirmed with a variety of inspection,laparoscopic exploration can provide diagnosis,and can take the initiative to control the development of disease.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA)is the most common rheumatology disease in childhood period with poor prognosis.The biological agents are newly developed drugs with features of clear therapeutic targets and fast effects.But its use in JIA is still limited,so this article focuses on the clinical use experience,timming and sideffects of the biological agents on JIA.