OBJECTIVE:To explore the optimal steaming time of Carapax trionycis during cleansing period,and to optimize and improve production technology of Carapax trionycis recorded by current Chinese Pharmacopoeia. METHODS:The mechanical processing replaced the artificial processing method in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The content of protein and the appearance of Cara-pax trionycis were investigated after steaming for 30,60,90,120,180,240 min during cleansing period. The extract,decoction, ash content,appearance and property of Carapax trionycis decoction piece processed with vinegar were also investigated after cleansed Carapax trionycis decoction piece was processed by sand scalding and vinegar quenching method. RESULTS:The differ-ent steaming time obtained different quality of cleansed Carapax trionycis decoction piece and Carapax trionycis decoction piece pro-cessed with vinegar. Compared with decoction piece steamed for other duration,when the steaming time was 90 min,the content of protein in cleansed Carapax trionycis decoction piece was higher(31.16%),and its appearance was up to the requirement. Cara-pax trionycis decoction piece processed with vinegar had higher contents of extract and decoction(9.13%,11.39%)and lower con-tent of ash(66.29%),and its appearance was up to the requirement. CONCLUSIONS:Different steaming time have certain effect on the quality of cleansed Carapax trionycis and Carapax trionycis processed with vinegar,the optimal steaming time of Carapax tri-onycis is about 90 min during cleansing. The mechanical processing method maybe replace the artificial processing on Carapax tri-onycis for improving its production efficiency.

DNA, Mitochondrial ; genetics ; Deafness ; genetics ; Humans ; Mutation

Objective To study the imaging characteristics of vesical leukoplakia under the cys-toscope imaging system. Methods The characteristics of vesical leukoplakia were observed under the cystoscope imaging system in 556 cases. After anti-infection treatment to these patients, the chan-ges of the characteristic under the cystoseope imaging system were re-observed and compared before and after treatment. SPSS 11.0 software package x2 teat for statistical analysis was used. Results Under the cystoscope imaging system, there were four different imaging manifestations in the 556 pa-tients. These were, from mild to severe, congestive type in 42 cases, spots type in 56 cases, thin macular type in 399 cases and thick macular type in 59 cases. One type could transform to another af-ter anti-infection treatment. When reexamination by the cystoscope, 131 cases got improved, 304 cases had no changes and 121 cases were aggravated. Statistical analysis showed the transformation among the 4 types had significant difference (x2 = 130.92, v=6, P<0.001). From congestive type to spots type, thin macular type and thick macular type, after anti-infection treatment, the ratio of improved cases decreased gradually, however the ratio of aggravated cases and cases without changes increased gradually. Conclusion Vesical leukoplakia could be classified into 4 types initially: congestive type,spots type, thin macular type, thick macular type. The different clinical treatments should be provid-ed.

Objective To develop an effective and broad immune protective H5N1 vaccine.Methods We first developed two recombinant vaccinia ( Tiantan strain) virus ( rTTV ) based H5N1 vaccines, which consisted of bicistron expressing the hemagglutinin(HA) and matrix protein 2(M2), or bicistron expressing the neuraminidase(NA) and matrix protein 1 (M1). The expression of H5N1 protein in rTTVs was confirmed. We immunized the BALB/c mice twice with two kind of dose ( 104 PFU, 107 PFU)using different combination. Subsequently, we assessed the humoral and cellular immune response in vaccinated mice. Results Our data showed that rTTV-based H5N1 vaccine induced rapidly robust HA- and NAspecific antibody level and IFN-γ secreting form cell(SFC) with either single dose of 107 PFU or twice dose of 104 PFU or 107 PFU. We also detected significant neutralizing antibody and matrix-specific immune response. In addition, we found that immunization with two kind of rTTV-based H5N1 vaccines induced much high level of M2-specific antibody than that with single of rTTV-based H5N1 vaccine. Conclusion rTTVbased H5N1 vaccines in this study elicited board array of immunity and our study offers a promising alternative H5N1 vaccine candidates with favorable potential to prevent various H5N1 pandemic.

Bone Marrow Diseases ; diagnosis ; genetics ; therapy ; Child, Preschool ; Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency ; diagnosis ; genetics ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Lipomatosis ; diagnosis ; genetics ; therapy ; Male ; Mutation

OBJECTIVETo study the content variation of furmarid acid and isofraxidin in Sarcandra glabra from 21 different provenances and provide the basis for resource utilization and quality optimization of S. glabra.

METHODHPLC method was developed to determine the contents of furmarid acid and isofraxidin in 330 samples of S. glabra which were collected respectively from 21 different provenances.

RESULTThere were significant differences in the contents of isofraxidin and furmarid acid in S. glabra from different provenances. The contents of isofraxidin and furmarid acid dropped off from low altitude to high altitude, which were also close with longitude and latitude. The content of isofraxidin in S. glabra at central area of natural distribution was the highest. The different parts of the plant had different results, the influence on the contents of the acitive components in stem were more obvious than the leaf.

CONCLUSIONThis simple, accurate and reproducible method could be use to determine the contents of furmarid acid and isofraxidin in S. glabra. The results represented the status of medicines quality and difference of Chinese S. glabra. These agreed with the traditional views that the medicines quality of Sarcandra glabra in Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang was better. These provenances were considered as important areas of medicines breeding and bases building on S. glabra in future.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Coumarins ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Fumarates ; chemistry ; Magnoliopsida ; chemistry ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results

OBJECTIVETo observe the therapeutic effect of local antibiotic injection into the female prostate on female urethral syndrome (FUS), and search for an effective treatment for this disease.

METHODSThis study included 163 FUS patients treated in the out-patient department between July 2009 and December 2010. According to the visiting order, the patients were randomly assigned to Groups A (n = 58), B (n = 55) and C (n = 50). All underwent routine treatment. Inaddition Group A received local injection of 2 ml of 80 000 U gentamycin + 2 ml of lidocaine, and Group B 2 ml of normal saline + 2 ml of lidocaine, both injected into the distal segment of the urethral back wall where the female prostate is located, twice a week for 3 weeks. The therapeutic effects were evaluated according to the changes of the patients' independent symptom scores at 2 and 4 weeks after the treatment. Disappearance of the symptoms was considered as "curative" , > 1/2 reduction in the symptom score as "obviously effective", 1/2 - > 1/4 reduction in the symptom score as "effective", and < 1/4 reduction or increase in the symptom score as "ineffective".

RESULTSAt 2 weeks after the treatment, the total effectiveness rate was significantly higher in Group A (77.5%) than in B (67.3%) and C (68.0%) (P < 0.05), but with no statistically significant difference between B and C (P > 0.05). At 4 weeks, the total effectiveness rate of Group A was slightly decreased, but still remarkably higher than that of group B or C (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONLocal injection of gentamycin into the female prostate is effective for the treatment of female urethral syndrome.

Administration, Topical ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Gentamicins ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Injections ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Urethral Diseases ; drug therapy ; Young Adult

The precondition of accurate gastric cancer surgery is precise assessment of lymph node metastasis. To date, no imaging modality achieves both high sensitivity and high specificity in detecting lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. Intraoperative sentinel node tracing and biopsy are the most popular method to identify the localization of tumor cell, but is limited to early gastric cancer. Nano-composite materials, designed for tumor imaging and tracing, show us a newly emerging domain for tumor detection in gastric cancer. The function of these nano-composite materials to detect lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer relies on the effective backflow of lymph system. However, the lymph vessels can be obstructed by tumor cells in advanced gastric cancer, which may restrain the application of these nanoparticles. Therefore, more methods to detect lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer should be explored. This review summarizes the characteristic of the targeted nanosphere. Based on the reported studies, a novel idea is conceived that targeted multifunctional nanosphere may be a potential method to achieve precise assessment of lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer.
Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; pathology ; Stomach Neoplasms ; pathology

The goal of this study is to investigate the population pharmacokinetics of oral tacrolimus in Chinese renal transplant patients and to identify possible relationship between covariates and population parameters. Details of drug dosage history, sampling time and concentration of 802 data points in 58 patients were collected retrospectively. Before analysis, the 58 patients were randomly allocated to either the model building group (n=41) or the validation group (n=17). Population pharmacokinetic data analysis was performed using the nonlinear mixed-effects model (NONMEM) program on the model building group. The pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus was best described by a one compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. Typical values of apparent clearance (CL/F), apparent volume of distribution (V/F) were estimated. A number of covariates including demographic index, clinical index and coadministration of other drugs were evaluated statistically for their influence on these parameters. The final population model related clearance with POD (post operative days), HCT (haematocrit), AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and coadministration of nicardipine and diltiazem. Predictive performance of the final model evaluated with the validation group showed insignificant bias between observed and model predicted concentrations. Typical value of CL/F and V/F was 21.7 L x h(-1) and 241 L, inter-patient variability (RSD) in CL/F and V/F was 41.6% and 49.7%, respectively. The residual variability (SD) between observed and model-predicted concentrations was 2.19 microg x L(-1). The population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in Chinese renal transplant patients was established and significant covariates on the tacrolimus model were identified.
Administration, Oral ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Female ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; administration & dosage ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Metabolic Clearance Rate ; Middle Aged ; Models, Statistical ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Retrospective Studies ; Tacrolimus ; administration & dosage ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the impact of extracapsular spread (ECS) in ipsilateral neck metastasis on prognosis and its related factors in laryngeal cancer.

METHODSThe study included 184 patients who underwent laryngectomy and simultaneous radical or modified radical neck dissection between January 1994 and December 1997 for laryngeal cancer. All of them had a complete 5-year follow-up. We used transparent lymph node detection and continuous slicing method on all neck dissection specimens. Kaplan-Meier model was used for survival analysis and the log-rank test was used to assess significance.

RESULTSWe found pathological neck metastases in 80 patients. Among them, 26 cases (32.5%) had ECS in ipsilateral neck. ECS incidence increased with advanced pathological N (pN) stages (pN1 3.7%, pN2a 25.0%, pN2b 50.0%, and pN2c 55.6%; P = 0.001). ECS incidence also increased with number of positive nodes (1 positive node 8.6%, 2 positive nodes 33.3%, 3 and more positive nodes 66.7%; P < 0.001). Incidences of contralateral neck metastases and ipsilateral neck recurrence in patients with ECS were higher than those in patients without ECS (46.2% vs. 24.1%, P = 0.046; 34.6% vs. 7.4%, P = 0.002). The 5-year survival rate of patients with ECS was significantly lower than that of patients without ECS (23.1% vs. 57.4%, P = 0.013).

CONCLUSIONECS is an important prognostic factor in laryngeal cancer. Patients with ECS have a higher incidence of contralateral neck metastasis, so bilateral neck dissection should be selected.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; Neck Dissection ; Prognosis ; Survival Analysis