Phellinus is a kind of rare medicinal fungus that has a variety of physiological activities include anti-cancer, anti-liver fibrosisa, antioxidant and so on. Phellinus contains polysaccharides, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, pyrone, furan, alkaloids and other substances. Polysaccharide extracts of phellinus showed obvious antitumor effect and has been a hot research field in recent years. It was also found other extracts of phellinus such as ethyl acetate extract exhibited anticancer activity. Thus, the antitumor effect of different extract, especially the anti-cancer mechanism were discussed in this review.
Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; Basidiomycota ; Cytokines ; analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; prevention & control

Atherosclerosis ; drug therapy ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Therapies, Investigational

Cell Line, Tumor ; Humans ; Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell ; metabolism ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; metabolism ; Transcription Factors ; metabolism

Anticonvulsants ; adverse effects ; Body Weight ; drug effects ; Epilepsy ; drug therapy ; Female ; Fructose ; adverse effects ; analogs & derivatives ; Humans ; Infant ; Male

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of gliomas in children,and assess the value of CT and MRI for diagnosing glioma.Methods Fifty-three children under 14 years old who were admitted into department of neurosurgery of Henan Provincial People's Hospital from Jan.2001 to Dec.2006 were diagnosed as glioma.Their age and sex distribution,clinical symptoms and signs,imaging examinations and pathological examinations were retrospectively analyzed.Results 1.There were 35 males and 18 females.2.The common symptoms and signs were headache and dizziness(32 cases,60.4%),nausea and vomiting(32 cases,60.4%),balance function disorder(31cases,58.5%),episodic convulsion(6 cases,11.3%) and fundus changes(33 cases,62.3%).3.There were 24 gliomas located at supratentorial and 29 gliomas located at infertentorial in this group.4.Thirty-three cases had a CT examination(1 case was wrongly diagnosed) and 28 cases had a MRI examination(all cases were positive);The positive rate of CT for displaying these tumors was 97%,MRI was 100%.5.Pathological examination revealed gliomas in 42 cases after operation.The most common histologically confirmed tumor type reported was astrocytoma,which accounted for 40.5%(17 cases),and the second was medulloblastoma,which accounted for 31.0%(13 cases).Conclusions 1.Glioma are more frequently affected in males than females in children.2.It often occurs in cranial posterior fossa and midline,which causes the symptoms of intracranial hypertension including headache,dizziness,nausea,vomiting,fundus changes,and so on.3.It often occurs in infertentorial,which causes the symptoms of balance function disorder,since it can invade cerebellum directly or indirectly.4.CT and MRI play an important role in the diagnosis of glioma in children.MRI is more valuable than CT in glioma diagnosis.5.Histological types of glioma in children are significantly different from adults.The most common histological types are astrocytoma and medulloblastoma.

The central of micturition and urinary continence in cats and humans is organized in similar manner. During the last decade, knowledge of neural pathways involved in micturition and continence has been greatly expanded. This review will summarize results from recent animal and human experiments.

Objective:To study Ca~(2 +) changes~( )in detrusor cell of the unstable bladder of rabbit~(,)s partial bladder outlet obstruction. Methods: Thirty male New Zealand White rabbits were divided into 2 groups randomly. In the experiment group the unstable bladder were confirmed by Urodynamics and the sham operated age-matched rabbits acted as the control group eight weeks after operetion. bladder smooth muscle cells were isolated by collagenase digestion. Intracellular Ca~(2+) levels in detrusor cell were observed by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Results: Intracellular Ca~(2+) concentration significantly increased in the experiment group (Ca~(2+) overload). Conclusion:It was a important pathogeny for the unstable bladder of partial bladder outlet obstruction that pathological changes of Ca~(2+) with the unstable bladder.

Considerable advances have been made in the understanding of the cellular processes that result in contraction and relaxation of detrusor smooth muscle recently,particularly in the role and modulation of calcium.Several changes in these cellular mechanisms that impair normal function have been observed in detrusor muscle from patients with unstable bladders.Whether these changes represent primary causes of bladder dysfunction or whether they are secondary to bladder dysfunction remains to be determined.Nevertheless,the identification of specific cellular lesions in bladder dysfunction presents a novel approach to identification of drug targets and potential treatment modalities.

Objective To improve the knowledge of mammographic signs of sclerosing adenosis.Methods The X-ray and pathological features of sclerosing adenosis of 17 focuses in 15 cases proved by histology were reviewed in comparison with that of breast cancer.The study was put emphasis upon the difference between sclerosing adenosis and breast cancer on clinic and radiographs.Results On mammography,the lesions appeared as asymmetric and disseminated density in 5/17(29.4%),dense nodules in 10/17(58.8%),calcifications inside the lesions in 3 and focal architectural disorder combined with stellate constriction in 2/17(11.8%).Conclusion The sclerosing adenosis is easily confused with breast carcinoma on radiographic signs,the diagnosis would be combined with clinical history and palpation examination.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and complications of flexible ureteroscopy for the treatment of upper urinary tract calculi in children.Methods The clinical data of upper urinary tract calculi in 20 children including 16 male and 4 female,treated by using flexible ureteroscopy,were collected from January 2014 to May 2015 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University.The mean age was 6.4 years (ranging from 2.7-15.0 years old).Among them,6 cases had upper ureteral calculi and 14 cases had renal calculi.All the calculi was found unilaterally with on the left side in 12 cases and on the right side in 8 cases.Ipsilateral mild to moderate hydronephrosis were found in all of the cases.The mean stone size was 1.2 cm (ranging from 0.5-1.8 cm).All the cases were treated through retrograde flexible ureteroscopy holmium laser lithotripsy after the invalid conservative through conservative treatment.Double J tube was left routinely in the sick side 1 week before operation to expand the internal diameter of the ureter.A double J stent was left in place for 1 month after operation as a routine.Results The flexible ureteral access sheath failed to insert into the upper ureter in 2 cases because of the narrow ureter,then the flexible ureteroscopy was inserted into ureter through wire directly.The flexible ureteral access sheath was successfully inserted into the ureter for the others and flexible ureteroscopy were inserted through flexible sheath.The mean operative time was 38 min (ranging from 20-60 min).The patients were discharged from hospital after a mean of 4.5 days (ranging from 3-7 days).The rate of stone-free in one-stage was more than 90％.There were residual small stones in the lower calices of kidney in 2 cases.The perfusion liquid volume during the operation was 500 mL(ranging from 200-1 000 mL).There was no major perioperative complication,while transient macroscopic hematuria and fever were common complications after operation.The stone search was performed successfully in the whole 14 cases.NO residual stone could be found through ultrasound and kidney ureter bladder plain and Double-J stent was removed 1 month after operation.Conclusions Flexible ureteroscopy produces high stone-free rate and clinical safety for upper urinary calculi in children.However,the complications of flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy cannot be ignored and sufficient preoperative preparation and careful perioperative safety control should be required.