Transforming growth factor-?_1 (TGF-?_) mRNA or protein expression in renal cortex of diabetic rats was assessed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR with SYBR Green,immunohistochemistry or Western blot.After melatonin treatment,the expressions of TGF-?_1 mRNA and protein were decreased,suggesting that beneficial effect of melatonin may result from its antioxidative property and inhibiting TGF-?_1 expressions.

ObjectiveTo investigate the roles of 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 ( 11 β-HSD1 )on hippocampus of rat with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS).MethodsTwenty-four male SpragueDawley rats were randomly divided into control group and depressive model group. Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) was used to make up depressive animal model.Behavioral changes were recorded by body weight measuring,sucrose consumption test (SCT) and open field test (OFT),respectively.The mRNA transcription of 11β-HSD1 in hippocampus tissues of the rats were detected by real-time RT-PCR,and the protein expression of 11β-HSD1 were detected by western blot and immunofluorescence.ResultsBcforc starting CUMS protocol,the rats exhibited equivalent weight and sucrose consumption.Twenty-eight days after CUMS protocol,behavior parameters such as body weight,sucrose consumption,nunber of crossing,and number of rearing were significantly decreased in rats exposed to CUMS group compared with control group (P ＜ 0.05,P ＜ 0.01 ).Correspondingly,realtime RT-PCR assays showed the mRNA expression of 11 β-HSD1 in the hippocampus of CUMS group,which was (31 ±9) ％ lower than that of control group.Meanwhile,the protein expression of it in CUMS group was lower than that of control group (P ＜ 0.05 ).Inmunofluorescence revealed that the number of positive 11 3-HSD1 cells was high (223 ± 13) in the control group,while the number was decreased prominently (92 ± 11 ) in the CUMS group (P ＜ 0.01 ).ConclusionDepressive behavior of rats is induced and the expression of 11 β-HSD1 in the hippocampus is decreased prominently by CUMS,the mechanism of which is at least related to the low expression of 11β-HSD1 and disturbance of glucocorticoid metabolism caused by CUMS.

Objective To screen altered proteins of hippocampus in the stress-induced depression (STRID) rat model, and explore the potential molecular mechanism. Methods Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the control group and STRID group, 10 rats in each group. Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) methods including fasting for solids and liquids, electric foot-shock, reversing day and night, cold water swimming, cage tilt, scare stimulation and tail pinch were conducted on STRID rats with no repeats for 28 days to make up the depression animal model. The control group was normally fed during this period. After the stress stimulation, the hippocampus protein samples were used for two dimensional electrophoresis to screen the differentially expressed protein, and then mass spectrum identification and function analyze were conducted. Results Compared with the control group, 34 proteins were altered in STRID group. Among which, 18 were up-regulated, and 16 were down-regulated. The differentially expressed proteins mainly located in cytoplasm, mitochondrion, extracellular exosome and myelin sheath. The involved signaling pathways included metabolic pathway, oxidative phosphorylation pathway, and Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease pathways. Conclusion The altered proteins and dysfunction of nerve signaling, and the excess of oxidative phosphorylation in hippocampus of STRID rats may be one of the pathogenesises.

As a malignant tumor with high incidence and mortality worldwide,lung cancer seriously threatens the life and health of human beings.At present,clinical treatment of lung cancer is mainly based on surgery combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy and other comprehensive treatments,which can control the progression of lung cancer to a certain extent,but there are still problems such as low survival rate and poor quality of life.Autophagy is a complex intracellular self degradation mechanism.The occurrence of autophagy is closely related to autophagy-related gene proteins and signal pathways.Research shows that reasonable regulation of signal pathway can interfere with autophagy leading to lung cancer cell death and inhibit tumor growth.In recent years,the regulation of auto-phagy-related signaling pathways in Chinese medicine against lung cancer has become a hot spot in the field of oncology research.Therefore,this paper compares and summarizes the research on the regulation of autophagy-related signaling pathways in Chinese medicine against lung cancer in recent years,in order to provide a reference basis for the development of new drugs and clini-cal application of Chinese medicine against lung cancer.

Objective To investigate the impact of succinate dehydrogenase(SDH)on the modulation of human sperm functions.Methods The isolated human sperm were co-incubated with different concentrations(10,20,40 mmol/L)of SDH inhibitor disodium malonate for one or two hours.The activity of the SDH was measured by commercially available reagent kit,while the protein level of the SDH catalytic subunit SDHA was determined through Western blot analysis.Sperm functions were analyzed:1)The impact of disodium malonate on important mo-tility parameters of un-capcitated sperm including progressive motility rate(PR),total motility(TM),average pathvelocity(VAP)and the ability of capacitated sperm to penetrate viscous media were be assessed using a com-puter aided semen analysis system.2)Effect of disodium malonate on sperm survival rate was evaluated using the Eosin-Nigrosin microscopy.3)The incidence of acrosome reaction in capacitated sperm was be detected by PSA-FITC staining assay following disodium malonate treatment.Results Disodium malonate had no effect on expression of SDH catalytic subunit SHDA protein in human sperm.However,it inhibited the catalytic activity of the SDH,sperm forward motility,total motility,and the ability of sperm to penetrate viscous media.These inhibitory effects were positively correlated with the concentration of disodium malonate.Furthermore,disodium malonate had no any influence on the occurrence of spontaneous acrosome reaction in capacitated sperm.Conclusions Disodium mal-onate impairs human sperm motility by inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase activity.

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on the pathomorphology of the sciatic nerve and the role of P2X3 receptors in EA analgesia.

METHODSThe chronic constriction injury (CCI) model was adopted in this study. A total of 32 rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham CCI, CCI, CCI plus contralateral EA (CCI + conEA) and CCI plus ipsilateral EA (CCI + ipsEA). Mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured. EA began at day 7 after the CCI operation and was applied to the Zusanli (ST 36) and Yanglingquan acupoints (GB 34). At day 14, the pathomorphologic changes of the operated sciatic nerve were demonstrated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated from rats were examined by electrophysiological recording to determine if the P2X3 receptor agonists, adenosine 5'-triphosphate disodium (ATP) and α,β-methylen-ATP (α,β-meATP) evoked inward currents.

RESULTSPain thresholds in the CCI group were obviously decreased post CCI surgery (P<0.01). In the EA groups, thermal and mechanical threshold values were increased after the last EA treatment (P<0.05, P<0.01). There was no significant difference in light microscopic examination among the four groups (P>0.05). Current amplitude after application of ATP and α,β-meATP in DRG neurons were much larger in the CCI group compared to those obtained in sham CCI (P<0.05). ATP and α, β-meATP invoked amplitudes in the CCI + EA groups were reduced. There was no signififi cant difference between the CCI + conEA group and the CCI + ipsEA group (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONEA analgesia may be mediated by decreasing the response of P2X3 receptors to the agonists ATP and α,β-meATP in the DRG of rats with CCI. No pathological changes of the sciatic nerve of rats were observed after EA treatment.

Adenosine Triphosphate ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Electroacupuncture ; Ganglia, Spinal ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Hyperalgesia ; pathology ; Ion Channel Gating ; drug effects ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reaction Time ; drug effects ; Receptors, Purinergic P2X3 ; metabolism ; Sciatic Nerve ; injuries ; metabolism ; pathology ; Staining and Labeling

Circular RNA(circRNA)is a type of noncoding RNA with tissue specificity and high stabil-ity, which forms a closed continuous loop and is abundantly expressed in tissue cells. According to re-cent research, the regulatory function of circRNA elucidating in the occurrence and development of dis-ease shows a potential for diagnosing clinical disease and revealing disease mechanism. This paper re-views the biological characteristics, analysis methods of circRNA and its research progress in clinical ap-plication as biomarker, and outlooks its application in the field of forensic medicine.

White-rot fungus manganese peroxidase (MnP) oxidizes a wide range of substrates, rendering it an interesting enzyme for potential applications. The stability of MnP can be improved by immobilization. With sodium alginate, gelatin, or chitosan as a carrier, and glutaraldehyde as the crosslinking agent, MnP was co-immobilized using the embed-crosslinked method and the adsorb-crosslinked method. The immobilization conditions and the partial properties of the three immobilized enzymes were investigated. When compared with the free enzyme, the optimum pH values and the temperatures of the three immobilized MnPs carried by alginate, gelatin, and chitosan were respectively shifted from 7.0 to 5.0, 5.0, 3.0 and from 35 degrees C to 75 degrees C , 55 degrees , 75 degrees C . The thermostabilities of the three immobilized MnPs were considerably better than that of the native enzyme. The chitosan-decreased by less than 5% even after repeated use for 6 - 9 times. The ability of decolorizing azo dyes in static and shaky situation by gelatin-immobilized MnP approached to the free enzyme, and there was no loss of enzyme activity during 2 repeated batch reactions.
Adsorption ; Alginates ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Biocatalysis ; drug effects ; Chitosan ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Enzymes, Immobilized ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Fungal Proteins ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Gelatin ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Glucuronic Acid ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Glutaral ; pharmacology ; Hexuronic Acids ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Kinetics ; Peroxidases ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Schizophyllum ; enzymology ; Substrate Specificity ; Temperature

Objective:To assess the usage of β-blocker in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in early hospitalization period (admission within 24 hours) in Liaoning Province from 2001 to 2011.Methods:By convenience sampling, patients from 10 hospitals in 3 study years (2001, 2006, and 2011) were randomly selected and clinical data were extracted, the usage frequency, types and dosage of β-blocker were analyzed.Results:A total of 1 365 AMI patients from ten hospitals were included in this analysis, and about 296 cases (21.68%) were considered as ideal patients for early β-blocker use (53.10% cases in 2001, 68.70% cases in 2006, and 78% cases in 2011, P<0.001).Logistic regression analysis showed that the heart rate was related to the early usage of β-blocker.The most frequently used β-blocker was metoprolol (90.73%) within 3 years, only 1.46% had the dosage above 50 mg.Conclusions:During the past decade, the utilization rate of βB among the appropriate patients with AMI during the early-phase hospitalization in Liaoning Province present the increasing trend.However, there is a distinct gap between the utilization status and guideline.Although the early application can reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular event, the heart rate of patients and so on are the main causes that influence its application.Therefore, regarding the early application, it is necessary to comply with the evidence-based medical science and combine it with the individualization principle.

Objective: Renal fibrosis is the most common manifestation of chronic kidney disease(CKD).Noting that existing treatments of renal fibrosis only slow disease progression but do not cure it,there is an urgent need to identify novel therapies.Hydrogen sulfide(H2S)is a newly discovered endogenous small gas signaling molecule exerting a wide range of biologic actions in our body.This review illustrates recent experimental findings on the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of H2S against renal fibrosis and highlights its potential in future clinical application.Data sources: Literature was collected from PubMed until February 2019,using the search terms including "Hydrogen sulfide,""Chronic kidney disease," "Renal interstitial fibrosis," "Kidney disease," "Inflammation factor," "Oxidative stress," "Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition," "H2S donor,""Hypertensive kidney dysfunction,""Myofibroblasts,""Vascuar remodeling,""transforming growth factor(TGF)-beta/Smads signaling,"and "Sulfate potassium channels."Study selection: Literature was mainly derived from English articles or articles that could be obtained with English abstracts.Article type was not limited.References were also identified from the bibliographies of identified articles and the authors' files.Results: The experimental data confirmed that H2S is widely involved in various renal pathologies by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress,inhibiting the activation of fibrosis-related cells and their cytokine expression,ameliorating vascular remodeling and high blood pressure,stimulating tubular cell regeneration,as well as reducing apoptosis,autophagy,and hypertrophy.Therefore,H2S represents an alternative or additional therapeutic approach for renal fibrosis.Conclusions: We postulate that H2S may delay the occurrence and progress of renal fibrosis,thus protecting renal function.Further experiments are required to explore the precise role of H2S in renal fibrosis and its application in clinical treatment.