Gindenosides are the active ingredients of Panax ginseng. 20 (S) -protopanaxadiolocotillol type epimers are the main metabolites of 20 (S) -protopanaxadiol. The previous studies showed that there are stereoselectivity difference in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics between 24R-epimer and 24S-epimer. The purpose of this study was to explore the excretion of the epimers in bile, feces and urine of rat. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method has been performed for determination of 24R-epimer and 24S-epimer in bile, feces and urine. 24R-epimer or 24S-epimer was intragastric administered to rats at a single dose of 10 mg x kg(-1). Results showed that after administration the recovery of 24R-epimer and 24S-epimer in feces was 17.69% and 17.09%, respectively, while both of the two epimers were hardly detected in urine. The 48 h cumulative biliary excretion rate of 24R-epimer was 8.01% after administration, while only 1.47% for 24S-epimer. It indicated that there are stereoselectivity in biliary excretion of the epimers with intragastric administration.
Animals ; Bile ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Feces ; chemistry ; Ginsenosides ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; Panax ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stereoisomerism ; Urine ; chemistry

Objective To explore the necessity and teaching methods of the selective course:interpersonal relationships and communication skills.Methods Two hundred and two medical students were surveyed with a community questionnaire before and after this course.The questionnaire contained the purpose of taking the selective course, advice of teaching methods and their learning harvest.Results More than 90% students thought it was necessary to set up the course, and the purpose that they selected this course was to improve their abilities of interpersonal communications.92.9% students suggested the teaching methods should give prominence to the practice.93.9% students wished to adopt the method of composing the paper through the situation simulation or in combination with their true-life.97.9% students gained more harvest.Conclusions It is very necessary for medical students to set up the selective course: interpersonal relationships and communication skills.The teaching methods should take the medical students' difficulties of interpersonal communications into account and pay attention to cultivate their skills of practice.

In order to solve the problem of selection and in vivo delivery problem in siRNA treatment, hepatitis B virus (HBV) HBx gene which could be targeted by siRNA was studied. The siRNA expression plasmid which specific inhibits HBx expression was obtained by in vitro selection via a dual-luciferase plasmid including HBx-Fluc fusion protein expression domain. The selected siRNA expression plasmid was then encapsulated in PEG-modified cationic liposome, which was devoted into pharmacodynamic studies at both cellular and animal level. The results illustrated that the cationic liposome which encapsulated siRNA expression plasmid could effectively inhibit HBx gene expression both in vitro and in vivo.
Cations ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ; drug effects ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; Liposomes ; chemistry ; Plasmids ; RNA, Small Interfering ; chemistry ; Trans-Activators ; genetics ; metabolism

Objective To evaluate whether ursolic acid can inhibit breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)-mediated transport of rosuvastatinin vivo andinvitro. Methods Firstly, we explored the pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, a substrate of BCRP) in rats in the presence or absence of ursolic acid. Secondly, we studied the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in rats in the presence or absence of ursolic acid or Ko143 (inhibitor of BCRP). Finially, the concentration-dependent transport of rosuvastatin and the inhibitory effects of ursolic acid and Ko143 were examined in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK)Ⅱ-BCRP421CC (wild type) cells and MDCKⅡ-BCRP421AA (mutant type) cells. Results As a result, significant changes in pharmacokinetics parameters of 5-FU were observed in rats following pretreatment with ursolic acid. Both ursolic acid and Ko143 could significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. The rosuvastatin transport in the BCRP overexpressing system was increased in a concentration-dependent manner. However, there was no statistical difference in BCRP-mediated transport of rosuvastatin betweent the wild type cells and mutant cells. The same as Ko143, ursolic acid inhibited BCRP-mediated transport of rosuvastatinin vitro. Conclusion Ursolic acid appears to be a potent modulator of BCRP that affects the pharmacokinetic of rosuvastatinin vivo and inhibits the transport of rosuvastatinin vitro.

Based on the correlation between brain and kidney, this article discussed the scientific connotation of tonifying kidney therapy in treating diabetes mellitus in the elderly complicated with cognitive impairment. Kidney-related theory originates from the viscera-related theory of TCM. The brain is the sea of marrow, and the marrow is born of essence, which originates from the qi and blood of the five internal organs, and its root lies in the kidney. Kidney stores essence, governs bone and marrow, and connects with brain, and "kidney-essence-marrow-brain" form a system, which is closely related with each other. The kidney is full of essence and the brain is full of marrow, and the brain is full of intelligence, thus exerting the physiological function of "the brain is the house of wisdom". Both of them depend on each other physiologically, give birth to each other, and affect each other pathologically. Based on the theory of kidney and brain, from the physiological characteristics of old patients' weakness, aging and kidney-qi weakness, and the development trend of diabetes-related encephalopathy caused by "thirst-quenching for a long time, forgetfulness and palpitation", the core therapeutic methods of tonifying kidney, replenishing marrow and brain to treat senile diabetes complicated with cognitive impairment were introduced, and then the basis for the treatment of diabetic cognitive impairment by tonifying kidney was provided from the modern microscopic study of brain and kidney.

Objective To investigate the effects of telmisartan on endoplasm retiedum (ER) stress signal pathways and eardiomyocyte apoptosis in abdominal aortic banded rats.Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group,abdominal aortic banding group(AAB)and AAB+telmisartan (5 mg·kg-1·d-1 per gavage,beginning at l week before AAB for 8 weeks,n=10 each).Ten weeks post AAB,hemodynamie measurements were performed,whole heart and left ventricular weights were obtained. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was measured by TUNEL method.Myocardial GRP78 and CHOP protein expresssions were detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.Results The ratio of left ventricular weight to body weisht,the ratio of heart weight to body weisht,left ventrieular end diastolic pressure and the apoptosis index were significantly increased while left ventfieular end systolic pressure and±dp/dtmax were significantly decreased in AAB group than those in sham-operated group (all P<0.01),these changes could be significantly attenuated by telmisartan (all P<0.01).Moreover,myocardial GRP78 and CHOP expressions were significantly upregulated in AAB group than those in sham-operated group and telmisartan could significantly downregulate the increased GRfp78,CHOP expressions (all P<0.01).Conclusions Increased ER stress might be responsible for enhanced eardiomyocyte apoptosis in AAB rats.Telmisartan effectively attenuated the cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac hypertrophy in AAB rats possibly through reducing ER stress.

Adult ; CD11c Antigen ; Case-Control Studies ; Dendritic Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Female ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; immunology ; metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

Objective To evaluate the uncertainty in the determination of lamotrigine (LTG) in human serum with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Methods It was analyzed that the influences of various factors for detection results,including weighing,solution preparation,serum extraction,calibration curve fitting repeatability and so on.The expanded uncertainty was evaluated and combined by each component of uncertainty.Results The expanded uncertainty of lamotrigine at low (1.50 μg · mL-1),middle (8.00 μg · mL-1),high (20.00 μg · mL-1) concentrations were UL =0.30,UM =0.53,UH =0.98,respectively (P =95％,k =2).The corresponding test concentration were (1.51 ±0.30),(8.22±0.53),(20.40±0.98) μg · mL-1,respectively.Conclusion The relative uncertainty on the determination of lamotrigine in human serum by HPLC was mainly caused by repeatability,calibration curve fitting and extraction recovery;repeatability and calibration curve fitting were the important factor in influencing the results of low concentrations.

OBJECTIVETo ascertain the genetic characterization and genotype of measles viruses isolated in Shanghai region, in 2005.

METHODSMeasles virus was isolated from throat swab specimens collected from suspected measles cases and 450 bp fragment of C terminus of nucleprotein (N) gene was amplified by RT-PCR. Sequence analysis was conducted to ascertain the genotype and to compare the difference of nucleotide with other measles virus strain published in GenBank.

RESULTS4 measles viruses were isolated from 10 throat swab specimens, and the sequence analysis indicated that they belonged to H1 genotype. The homogeneity of 450 nucleotides in the C terminal of the N gene was at 98%-98.2% as compared to H1 genotype (China93-7). They differed from genotype H2 (China94-1) at 6.4%-6.9% and from genotype A (Edmonston) at 6.7%-6.9%, from measles vaccine (Shanghail91) at 7.6%-8.0%. They differed from the other measles viral strain isolated in China in 1993 - 2005 at 0.2%-3.7%. The variation within 4 isolated measles viruses was at 0.7%-1.3%.

CONCLUSIONIt was H1 genotype measles viruses,which are the native viruses in China that led to the outbreak of measles in Shanghai, in 2005.

China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Genotype ; Humans ; Measles ; epidemiology ; genetics ; Measles virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

OBJECTIVETo analyze the distribution characteristics and trend of ovary cancer mortality based on results of the Third National Retrospective Sampling Survey of Death Causes.

METHODSData of National Retrospective Sampling Survey for the years of 2004 - 2005 from 158 counties/cities/districts was used for the settings. A total of 69,690,241 person-year for female between 2004 and 2005 including 23,598,822 person-year in urban and 46,091,419 person-year in rural were respectively included in the study. Furthermore, the areas of east, middle, and west were divided into the subsets. And also the areas of urban and rural areas were divided into the subsets. The crude death rate and age-specific death rate and the age-standardized death rate by Chinese population of 1982 (CASR) and by world population of 1960 (WASR) were calculated. The historical comparison with the sampling survey of 1990 - 1992 (second time) was conducted, and the global comparison with some selected countries was performed.

RESULTSThe crude death rate for ovary cancer was 1.45/100 000 (1008/69 690 241) between 2004 and 2005, which was ranked the 12th and accounted for 1.45% (1008/69 667) of all sites of cancers. The CASR was 0.97/100 000 and the WASR was 1.26/100 000. The crude death rate of ovary cancer were 2.67/100 000 (630/23 598 822) and 0.82/100 000 (378/46 091 419) in urban and rural areas respectively, with the CASR of 1.62/100 000 and 0.59/100 000 in urban and rural areas respectively. Compared with the data from the second time (0.06/100 000 for crude death rate, 0.53/100 000 for CASR and 0.75% for proportion), the crude death rate increased by 141.07% and the CASR increased by 83.02%. The proportion of mortality was increased by 92.92%, which ranked from the 17th to the 12th. In the urban areas, the CASR of ovary cancer increased by 31.71% (1.23/100 000 vs 1.62/100 000), while by 118.52% in rural areas (0.27/100 000 vs 0.59/100 000) with an increasing trend more remarkable in rural than in urban.

CONCLUSIONOvary cancer is not the leading site of cancer death-cause in China, its morality is higher in urban than in rural. It is necessary to pay more attention to ovary cancer in China.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cause of Death ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Data Collection ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Middle Aged ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Sampling Studies ; Young Adult