Gindenosides are the active ingredients of Panax ginseng. 20 (S) -protopanaxadiolocotillol type epimers are the main metabolites of 20 (S) -protopanaxadiol. The previous studies showed that there are stereoselectivity difference in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics between 24R-epimer and 24S-epimer. The purpose of this study was to explore the excretion of the epimers in bile, feces and urine of rat. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method has been performed for determination of 24R-epimer and 24S-epimer in bile, feces and urine. 24R-epimer or 24S-epimer was intragastric administered to rats at a single dose of 10 mg x kg(-1). Results showed that after administration the recovery of 24R-epimer and 24S-epimer in feces was 17.69% and 17.09%, respectively, while both of the two epimers were hardly detected in urine. The 48 h cumulative biliary excretion rate of 24R-epimer was 8.01% after administration, while only 1.47% for 24S-epimer. It indicated that there are stereoselectivity in biliary excretion of the epimers with intragastric administration.
Animals ; Bile ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Feces ; chemistry ; Ginsenosides ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; Panax ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stereoisomerism ; Urine ; chemistry

Objective To explore the necessity and teaching methods of the selective course:interpersonal relationships and communication skills.Methods Two hundred and two medical students were surveyed with a community questionnaire before and after this course.The questionnaire contained the purpose of taking the selective course, advice of teaching methods and their learning harvest.Results More than 90% students thought it was necessary to set up the course, and the purpose that they selected this course was to improve their abilities of interpersonal communications.92.9% students suggested the teaching methods should give prominence to the practice.93.9% students wished to adopt the method of composing the paper through the situation simulation or in combination with their true-life.97.9% students gained more harvest.Conclusions It is very necessary for medical students to set up the selective course: interpersonal relationships and communication skills.The teaching methods should take the medical students' difficulties of interpersonal communications into account and pay attention to cultivate their skills of practice.

In order to solve the problem of selection and in vivo delivery problem in siRNA treatment, hepatitis B virus (HBV) HBx gene which could be targeted by siRNA was studied. The siRNA expression plasmid which specific inhibits HBx expression was obtained by in vitro selection via a dual-luciferase plasmid including HBx-Fluc fusion protein expression domain. The selected siRNA expression plasmid was then encapsulated in PEG-modified cationic liposome, which was devoted into pharmacodynamic studies at both cellular and animal level. The results illustrated that the cationic liposome which encapsulated siRNA expression plasmid could effectively inhibit HBx gene expression both in vitro and in vivo.
Cations ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ; drug effects ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; Liposomes ; chemistry ; Plasmids ; RNA, Small Interfering ; chemistry ; Trans-Activators ; genetics ; metabolism

Based on the correlation between brain and kidney, this article discussed the scientific connotation of tonifying kidney therapy in treating diabetes mellitus in the elderly complicated with cognitive impairment. Kidney-related theory originates from the viscera-related theory of TCM. The brain is the sea of marrow, and the marrow is born of essence, which originates from the qi and blood of the five internal organs, and its root lies in the kidney. Kidney stores essence, governs bone and marrow, and connects with brain, and "kidney-essence-marrow-brain" form a system, which is closely related with each other. The kidney is full of essence and the brain is full of marrow, and the brain is full of intelligence, thus exerting the physiological function of "the brain is the house of wisdom". Both of them depend on each other physiologically, give birth to each other, and affect each other pathologically. Based on the theory of kidney and brain, from the physiological characteristics of old patients' weakness, aging and kidney-qi weakness, and the development trend of diabetes-related encephalopathy caused by "thirst-quenching for a long time, forgetfulness and palpitation", the core therapeutic methods of tonifying kidney, replenishing marrow and brain to treat senile diabetes complicated with cognitive impairment were introduced, and then the basis for the treatment of diabetic cognitive impairment by tonifying kidney was provided from the modern microscopic study of brain and kidney.

Objective To evaluate whether ursolic acid can inhibit breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)-mediated transport of rosuvastatinin vivo andinvitro. Methods Firstly, we explored the pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, a substrate of BCRP) in rats in the presence or absence of ursolic acid. Secondly, we studied the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in rats in the presence or absence of ursolic acid or Ko143 (inhibitor of BCRP). Finially, the concentration-dependent transport of rosuvastatin and the inhibitory effects of ursolic acid and Ko143 were examined in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK)Ⅱ-BCRP421CC (wild type) cells and MDCKⅡ-BCRP421AA (mutant type) cells. Results As a result, significant changes in pharmacokinetics parameters of 5-FU were observed in rats following pretreatment with ursolic acid. Both ursolic acid and Ko143 could significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. The rosuvastatin transport in the BCRP overexpressing system was increased in a concentration-dependent manner. However, there was no statistical difference in BCRP-mediated transport of rosuvastatin betweent the wild type cells and mutant cells. The same as Ko143, ursolic acid inhibited BCRP-mediated transport of rosuvastatinin vitro. Conclusion Ursolic acid appears to be a potent modulator of BCRP that affects the pharmacokinetic of rosuvastatinin vivo and inhibits the transport of rosuvastatinin vitro.

Objective To investigate the effects of telmisartan on endoplasm retiedum (ER) stress signal pathways and eardiomyocyte apoptosis in abdominal aortic banded rats.Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group,abdominal aortic banding group(AAB)and AAB+telmisartan (5 mg·kg-1·d-1 per gavage,beginning at l week before AAB for 8 weeks,n=10 each).Ten weeks post AAB,hemodynamie measurements were performed,whole heart and left ventricular weights were obtained. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was measured by TUNEL method.Myocardial GRP78 and CHOP protein expresssions were detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.Results The ratio of left ventricular weight to body weisht,the ratio of heart weight to body weisht,left ventrieular end diastolic pressure and the apoptosis index were significantly increased while left ventfieular end systolic pressure and±dp/dtmax were significantly decreased in AAB group than those in sham-operated group (all P<0.01),these changes could be significantly attenuated by telmisartan (all P<0.01).Moreover,myocardial GRP78 and CHOP expressions were significantly upregulated in AAB group than those in sham-operated group and telmisartan could significantly downregulate the increased GRfp78,CHOP expressions (all P<0.01).Conclusions Increased ER stress might be responsible for enhanced eardiomyocyte apoptosis in AAB rats.Telmisartan effectively attenuated the cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac hypertrophy in AAB rats possibly through reducing ER stress.

Adult ; CD11c Antigen ; Case-Control Studies ; Dendritic Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Female ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; immunology ; metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

Objective To evaluate the uncertainty in the determination of lamotrigine (LTG) in human serum with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Methods It was analyzed that the influences of various factors for detection results,including weighing,solution preparation,serum extraction,calibration curve fitting repeatability and so on.The expanded uncertainty was evaluated and combined by each component of uncertainty.Results The expanded uncertainty of lamotrigine at low (1.50 μg · mL-1),middle (8.00 μg · mL-1),high (20.00 μg · mL-1) concentrations were UL =0.30,UM =0.53,UH =0.98,respectively (P =95％,k =2).The corresponding test concentration were (1.51 ±0.30),(8.22±0.53),(20.40±0.98) μg · mL-1,respectively.Conclusion The relative uncertainty on the determination of lamotrigine in human serum by HPLC was mainly caused by repeatability,calibration curve fitting and extraction recovery;repeatability and calibration curve fitting were the important factor in influencing the results of low concentrations.

OBJECTIVETo study the prediction model of O. hupensis in the lake and marshland regions in order to provide methodological basis for quantitative study of O. hupensis.

METHODSThe research sites were randomly selected from the bottomlands along Qiupu River in the Guichi District, Anhui Province. A random and stratified sampling method was administrated according to the type of vegetation; the frame size of snail survey was 0.11 m2. Snail data was collected by crosscheck-random sampling inspection survey. Elevation, soil temperature and air temperature, height of vegetation, soil humidity and types of vegetation were measured through GPS machine, T&D Recorder for Windows, tape measure and attemperator. All the data were doubly inputted into the computer and checked. The final dataset for developing the prediction model was set up after necessary data preprocessing, such as, recoding the variable of elevation. The generalized linear models were used to develop the prediction model, and the statistics of deviance and AIC were used to determine the best model structure. Model diagnostics and model evaluation of efficiency were performed with the determined best model structure.

RESULTSThe sample size was 162, and there were 6 explanatory variable including 2 categorical variables and 4 quantitative variables. A complicated relationship was observed among all the variables. Snail was positively associated with height of vegetation (r = 0.36), while negatively associated with soil humidity (r = - 0.22), and the air temperature had a close positive relations with soil temperature (r = 0.59), and the soil temperature was negatively associated with height of vegetation (r = - 0.36), the soil humidity had negative relations with the soil and air temperature (r = -0.34 and -0.12). The best structure fitting for the liner model selected in gamma distribution was the error distribution, reciprocal as the conjunction function in mathematics, and the mean square as the variance function. The results showed that the elevation, soil humidity, soil temperature, types and the height of vegetation were statistically significant to predict the O. hupensis, while t-values were -3.202, 3.124, -1.989, 2.668 and -2.371, respectively, and P-values were 0.00166, 0.00214, 0.04849, 0.00846 and 0.01897 respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe generalized linear models can be used to develop the predictive model, which could broaden the area of quantitative study for O. hupensis.

Animals ; Environmental Monitoring ; methods ; Geographic Information Systems ; Models, Statistical ; Snails ; Wetlands

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical manifestation of patients with renal injury induced by chronic mercury intoxication and the application of the diagnostic criteria of occupational mercury poisoning.

METHODSThe clinical data of 8 patients with chronic occupational mercury intoxication were analysed and evaluated.

RESULTSAll the observed clinical signs of chronic mercury intoxication correspond with the items of the diagnostic criteria of occupational mercury poisoning. The increasing beta2-MG was one of the clinical manifestations of renal injury induced by chronical mercury intoxication. The renal injury obviously was dose-dependent and reversible.

CONCLUSIONSThe national diagnostic criteria of occupational mercury poisoning is practically valuable. The renal injury induced by chronic mercury intoxication should not be neglected.

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mercury Poisoning ; diagnosis ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Diseases ; diagnosis ; Reference Standards