?Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells ( BMSCs ) is a kind of adult stem cells mainly enriched in bone marrow, which possesses multiple differentiation potential and can differentiate into trans-germinal layer. lt is easy for BMSC to be isolated and cultured, which has the ability of repairing various tissues with efficient proliferation and expression. BMSC could be used as seed cell for the transplantation therapy of retinal disease because of its properties of immunoregulation and neurotrophin secretion. This review focuses on research progress on retinal protection of BMSCs.

BACKGROUND: The effect of the treatment of long tubular bone defect by free vascularized fibular graft, especially when combined with monitoring island skin flap is definitely reliable. However, there is still the possibility of broken fibular graft with single fibular graft for repairing the long loading tubular bone.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect on the treatment of long femoral bone defect by combinatorial fibular graft with monitoring island skin flap.DESIGN: Before and after self-controlled observation.SETTING: Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery, Guangzhou People's HospitalPARTICIPANTS: Totally 14 patients who wer treated for long femoral bone defect in the Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery were recruited between July 1995 and November 2003. Locus: distal part of the femur,5cases; middle part of the femur, 9cases.The length of bone defect was 6 to 28 cm.INTERVENTIONS: There were 7 cases of free vascularized bi-fibular graft transplantation with monitoring island skin flap. There were 7 cases of free vascularized fibular graft centralized with large segmental allograft.Monitoring island skin flap was 3 cm×5 cm, sectioned fibular was 16 to 32cm. Dry frozen bone of allograft was 12 to 28 cm. The wound and island skin were detected postoperatively.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The living condition of bi-fibular graft or binding composite allograft with skin flap, morphology change of transplanted bone and loaded walking ability in patients with bone defect after operation.RESULTS: Totally 14 patients entered the result analysis. Seven cases in bi- fibular group were followed up for 3 years and 7 patients in the centralized graft group were followed up for 1 year. Fourteen cases detected by monitoring island skin flap all survived. One case in the centralized graft group presented yellow exudates 3 months after operation, and then the graft bone was taken out. Follow-up of the rest 6 patients showed that transplanted fibular bone was closely connected with allograft. The thickness of the transplanted bone was increased, shaped and similar with the diameter of the femur at the receptor. Patients in the two groups could walk with loading without walking stick. Transplanted bone has no fracture.CONCLUSION: Transplantation of free vascularized bi-fibular graft transplant or free vascularized fibular graft monitoring island skin flap binding to large segmental allograft can increase its structural strength through hypertrophy, decrease or avoid fracture of the transplanted graft fibula.

Esophageal Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Humans ; Induction Chemotherapy ; Neoplasm Staging ; Preoperative Period

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of Moss Miami pedicle sc re w system in the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures. Methods A total of 2 7 cases of thoracolumbar burst fractures were operated on with Moss Miami pedicl e screw system through posterior approach to provide spreading, reduction and fi xation. The bilateral posterolateral bone-graft spinal fusion was also done at the same time. Results The 27 patie nts were followed up for 6 to 30 months. The heights of compressed vertebral bod y and the cross spinal canal were significantly increased after treatment (P

BACKGROUND:As mechanical load-bearing tissues, tendons have unique biomechanical characteristics. Mechanical loading is necessary in tendon development, and the tendon can alter its structure and biological behaviors in response to the various mechanical loading conditions. OBJECTIVE: To fuly understand the healing process and biomechanical properties of the damaged tendon so as to know the researching progress in the role of stress in the tendon healing process. METHODS: An electronic search of Chinese Biomedical Literature Database and PubMed databases was done for colection of reviews and papers addressing stress effects on tendon healing, and then we analyzed the role of stress in the healing process of tendon from the micro and macro levels. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Totaly 59 relevant articles were enroled. Tendon is sensitive to stress, and it can change its structure and biological reaction in response to different stress loadings. Proper stress stimulus to the tendon is necessary to the tendon development and healing. How to achieve a good balance between the lowest (resulting in alienation effect) and the highest stress loadings (resulting in minimaly invasive injury) during the clinical tendon healing is a chalenge. At present the treatment of tendon injuries is stil a huge chalenge to clinicians, and the vast majority of tendon injuries belong to tissue healing.

BACKGROUND:Tissue-engineered tendons have been used to repair the damaged tendon tissue. Use of tissue-engineered tendons for repair of tendon injury has become a hot spot in this research field. OBJECTIVE: To elaborate the types, advantages and disadvantages of seed cels, the design method, advantages and disadvantages of scaffold materials, and the factors that induced the formation of tendon, so as to promote the optimization of each joint, al of which benefit for mature construction of tissue-engineered tendons. METHODS: The related reviews and paper reports of tendon tissue engineering published from January 2000 to January 2015 were retrieved from Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), China Knowledge Resources Database (CNKI) series database, Chinese Citation Database and PubMed database. The key words were “tissue engineering; tendon; tendon defect”. The research progress of seed cels, scaffold material and induction factors were analyzed. RESULTS AND COMCLUSION:The recent research of tissue-engineered tendons for repair of tendon injury has been summarized. Seed cels, scaffold, induction factors were discussed. Tendon stem cels, as a kind of seed cels, are currently the first choice in the process of tissue engineering tendon research, because tendon stem cels have the homology of the homogenous or autologous tendons and possess strong differentiation and proliferation capacities. However, there have been no systematic schemes regarding acquisition and proliferation and culture of tendon stem cels. The currently designed tissue-engineered tendons cannot meet the clinical requirements because of poor mechanical properties of tendon tissue, poor integration with the host tissue, being susceptible to degradation in late period and functional disuse. Induction factors are the laft key factors for tissue-engineered tendons for repair of tendon injury. The selection and use of induction factors are prerequisites for the regulation of tendon tissue development. But the categories of induction factors and the association and interrelationship between induction factors have not been fuly clear and studies are needed to further investigate these uncertainties.

Objective To observe the effect and safety of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue,liraglutide,versus insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin alone.Method Ninty patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(aged 18-79 years,HbA1C 7.5％-10.0％,body mass index＜40 kg/m2) who had inadequate glycaemic control on metformin were allocated for the research with an open,randomized,parallel controlled clinical research method.The patients kept the original dose of metformin unchanged and were randomly assigned to the liraglutide group or the insulin glargine group according to a proportion of 1 ∶ 1.Liraglutide group started with a dose of 0.6 mg subcutaneous injection qd,changed to 1.2 mg subcutaneous injection qd after one week and kept unchanged until the end of the research.Insulin glargine group started with a dose of 0.1-0.2 U/kg according to the fingertips peripheral blood glucose level before breakfast on the continuous 3 d before every follow-up.At the baseline,after 4 weeks,12 weeks,20 weeks,and 26 weeks of treatment,HbA1C,blood glucose,lipids weight,blood pressure were arranged to measured.86 patients finally completed the study.Results Mean HbA1C and the success rate of HbA1C ＜7％ were similar between liraglutide group and insulin glargine group [(7.06 ± 0.87) ％ vs (7.25 ± 1.20) ％,47.73 ％ vs 45.23 ％,P＞0.05],while the percentage of subjects reaching the composite endpoint of HbA1C＜7％ with no hypoglycemia and no weight gain was significantly higher in liraglutide group than insulin group(P＜0.05) ; Fasting plasma glucose decreased more markedly in insulin glargine group,2 h postprandial plasma glucose was decreased more markedly in liraglutide group(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Liraglutide significantly reduced mean body weight by (3.21 ± 1.18) kg,waist circumference by (3.82 ± 1.21) cm,and body mass index by (1.95 ± 0.61) kg/m2 (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05),while in the insulin glargine group there sere rise of respective figure of(2.86 ± 0.43) kg,(1.52 ± 0.56) cm,and (0.61 ± 0.25) kg/m2 (P＜0.05),systolic blood pressure and serum triglyceride declined.There was no serious adverse affect in both groups,the incidence of mild hypoglycemia was significantly less in liraglutide group and has a statistically significant difference (4.55％ vs 21.43％,P＜0.05).Conclusions Liraglutide showed a good effect on reducing weight,systolic blood pressure,blood lipid and in addition to blood glucose control which is comparable to insulin glargine.What is more,liraglutide had good safety and tolerability,which can be regarded as a good choice for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin alone.

Simultaneous concurrence of subacute thyroiditis and Graves' disease is rare.We present one case of subacute thyroiditis with Graves' disease and combine with other reports to explore the clinical characteristics and therapeutic considerations.If subacute thyroiditis is considered coexisting simultaneously with Graves' disease,radioactive iodine uptake,thyroid autoantibody,fine-needle aspiration of thyroid gland,thyroid nuclide imaging examination,etc,should be done to make correct diagnosis and to adjust the therapeutic plan.

Objective To observe effects of tetrandrine on β-glucan induced RAW 264 .7 cells proliferation .Methods RAW 264 .7 cells model was established .Four methyl thiazol tetrazolium(MTT) was used to detect the effects of different concentrations of tetrandrine on the proliferation of RAW264 .7 cells .The levels of interleukin(IL)-6 ,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) ,prostaglan-din E2 (PGE2 ) and IL-10 in the culture supernatant were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) .Results MTT results showed that the growth curves of different concentrations of tetrandrine on RAW264 .7 cells had biphasic affections .ELISA results suggested that tetrandrine could inhibit the IL-6 ,TNF-α,PGE2 expressions and promote IL-10 expression .Conclusion Effects of tetrandrine onβ-glucan induced RAW264 .7 cells proliferation are relative to inhibition of IL-6 ,TNF-α,PGE2 expressions and promotion of IL-10 expression .

Objective: To detect estrogen receptor α and β(ER-α, ER-β)protein expression in different age of mouse thymus.Methods:Protein expression of ER-α and ER-β in thymus was analyzed via immunohistochemistry.Moreover,the relationship between ER-α and cytokeratin 18(epithelial cell marker)was further tested through fluorescence double-staining.Results: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that both ER-α and β protein was found in nuclei of some thymocytes of 3 month mice.However,expression of ER-β was absence while ER-α was still positive in aged mice, such as 12 months and 16 months old.Double staining further confirmed that lots of ER-α/β positive cells were Foxp3 negative cells.Conclusion: Expression of ER-β is absent while ER-α is still positive in thymus of aged mice, which indicates ER-α is the critical estrogen receptor that involves in thymic involution.Moreover, ER-α/β do not participate in Treg development within thymus.