The study of normal carpal kinematics has a history of only about 100 years. The initial in vitro research has shifted to the recent in vitro research. Information about the 3 dimensional movements of the carpal bones in vitro was obtained in studies using implanted radiopaque markers or transcutaneous pins with biplanar radiography, low frequency magnetic field technology and reconstructing the geometry of the bones from computed tomography (CT). On the other hand, information about the 3 dimensional movements of the carpal bones in vitro was obtained in studies reconstructing the geometry of the bones from computed tomography (CT) and using the advanced matching techniques. Most of the results obtained through the two methods are in concordance. The distal row of bones is relatively tightly bound to one another and the proximal row of bones is less so but still moving together. The foundation of the carpal kinematics was laid by in vitro studies. In vitro data largely concur with in vitro data, and only larger out of plane motions within the proximal carpal row are described in most in vitro studies. In vitro studies have also showed larger interindividual variations. Due to the limitations of both in vitro and in vitro studies, so far there has been no unanimity about the interpretation of carpal functional anatomy. In this paper, the authors summarize the research advances in normal carpal kinematics.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors for trauma-induced tibia1 infection in underground coal mine.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 1 090 patients with tibial fracture complicated by bone infection who were injured in underground coal mine and admitted to our hospital from January 1995 to August 2015,including the type of trauma,injured parts,severity,and treatment outcome.The association between risk factors and infection was analyzed.Results Among the 1 090 patients,357 had the clinical manifestations of acute and chronic bone infection,219 had red and swollen legs with heat pain,and 138 experienced skin necrosis,rupture,and discharge of pus.The incidence rates of tibial infection from 1995 to 2001,from 2002 to 2008,and from 2009 to 2015 were 31％,26.9％,and 20.2％,respectively.The incidence rate of bone infection in the proximal segment of the tibia was significantly higher than that in the middle and distal segments (42.1％ vs 18.9％/27.1％,P＜0.01).As for patients with different types of trauma (Gustilo typing),the patients with type Ⅲ fracture had a significantly higher incidence rate of bone infection than those with type Ⅰ/Ⅱ infection (52.8％ vs 21.8％/24.6％,P＜0.01).The incidence rates of bone infection after bone traction,internal fixation with steel plates,fixation with external fixator,and fixation with intramedullary nail were 20.7％,43.5％,21.4％,and 26.1％,respectively,suggesting that internal fixation with steel plates had a significantly higher incidence rate of bone infection than other fixation methods(P＜0.01).The muhivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the position of tibial fracture and type of fracture were independent risk factors for bone infection.Conclusion There is a high incidence rate of trauma-induced tibial infection in workers in underground coal mine.The position of tibial fracture and type of fracture are independent risk factors for bone infection.Vacuum sealing drainage and Ilizarov technique can achieve a satisfactory therapeutic effect.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors for trauma-induced tibia1 infection in underground coal mine.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 1 090 patients with tibial fracture complicated by bone infection who were injured in underground coal mine and admitted to our hospital from January 1995 to August 2015,including the type of trauma,injured parts,severity,and treatment outcome.The association between risk factors and infection was analyzed.Results Among the 1 090 patients,357 had the clinical manifestations of acute and chronic bone infection,219 had red and swollen legs with heat pain,and 138 experienced skin necrosis,rupture,and discharge of pus.The incidence rates of tibial infection from 1995 to 2001,from 2002 to 2008,and from 2009 to 2015 were 31％,26.9％,and 20.2％,respectively.The incidence rate of bone infection in the proximal segment of the tibia was significantly higher than that in the middle and distal segments (42.1％ vs 18.9％/27.1％,P＜0.01).As for patients with different types of trauma (Gustilo typing),the patients with type Ⅲ fracture had a significantly higher incidence rate of bone infection than those with type Ⅰ/Ⅱ infection (52.8％ vs 21.8％/24.6％,P＜0.01).The incidence rates of bone infection after bone traction,internal fixation with steel plates,fixation with external fixator,and fixation with intramedullary nail were 20.7％,43.5％,21.4％,and 26.1％,respectively,suggesting that internal fixation with steel plates had a significantly higher incidence rate of bone infection than other fixation methods(P＜0.01).The muhivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the position of tibial fracture and type of fracture were independent risk factors for bone infection.Conclusion There is a high incidence rate of trauma-induced tibial infection in workers in underground coal mine.The position of tibial fracture and type of fracture are independent risk factors for bone infection.Vacuum sealing drainage and Ilizarov technique can achieve a satisfactory therapeutic effect.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the imaging features of burst injury of the lung in coal miners and to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

METHODSA retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data and imaging findings of 78 patients with burst injury of the lung.

RESULTSThe imaging findings of burst injury of the lung were variable and complex, and they varied over time. Eleven cases showed no abnormalities on X-ray and CT within 24 h, but abnormalities appeared within 3 d; 53 cases showed abnormalities on X-ray and CT and had an exacerbation within 3 d; 8 cases showed improvements when reexamined. Among the 78 patients examined by X-ray and (or) CT, ground glass-like shadows were noted in 15 cases, interstitial changes in 13 cases, segmental consolidation in 24 cases, and diffuse consolidation in 26 cases. The complications included pneumothorax (n = 35), hemothorax (n = 28), costal fracture (n = 24), and pulmonary infection (n = 27).

CONCLUSIONX-ray plain film and CT offer a reliable basis for early diagnosis of burst injury of the lung. CT is superior to X-ray plain film in detecting lesions, so chest CT should be performed as early as possible to remedy burst injury of the lung.

Acute Lung Injury ; diagnostic imaging ; Adult ; Blast Injuries ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Injuries ; diagnostic imaging ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Young Adult