Objective To investigate the application value of plasma D-dimer(D-D )in the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial per-itonitis(SBP)in patients with liver cirrhosis .Methods 137 cases of cirrhotic patients with ascites were selected and divided into SBP group and non SBP(NSBP) group .30 cases of patients with chronic liver disease and 30 healthy individuals were selected as chronic liver disease group and normal control group ,respectively .The levels of D-D and C-reactive protein(CRP) were measured in specimens from all the groups .Results The D-D levels of SBP group ,NSBP group ,chronic liver disease group and normal control group were (7 .82 ± 5 .68) ,(5 .55 ± 4 .55) ,(0 .45 ± 0 .26) and (0 .06 ± 0 .04) mg/L ,respectively .And the serum CRP levels were (30 .0 ± 29 .6) ,(16 .4 ± 20 .5) ,(5 .3 ± 1 .8) and (2 .1 ± 0 .9)mg/L ,respectively .The levels of D-D and CRP were both higher in SBP group and NSBP group than in chronic liver disease group and normal control group(P<0 .01) .The D-D and CRP levels of SBP group were both significantly higher than those of NSBP group (P<0 .05) .The ROC curve showed that the AUC ,sensitivity and specificity of D-D were 0 .650 ,0 .604 and 0 .709 ,respectively ,and those of CRP were 0 .705 ,0 .792 and 0 .582 ,respectively .Conclu-sion Plasma D-D detection was beneficial to the early diagnosis of SBP in cirrhotic patients with ascites .

Objective Autosomal dominant pigmentary type of orthochromatic leucodystrophy (POLD) is a rare disease characterized pathologically by demyelination and an appearance of pigmentary glial and scavenger cells in cerebral white matter. We reported a northern Chinese family with autosomal dominant POLD. Methods Brain,skin and muscle biopsies as well as brain postmortem examination were performed in proband patient. Results Proband patient,a 39-year-old woman suffered a progressive motor disturbance,dysarthria and dysphagia,accompanied with respiratory difficulty and incontinence. She died after a disease interval of 2 years. Her father,uncle and two sisters also died of similar symptoms. The onset of disease occurred in between 34～56 years old and had an interval of 1～4 years. CT showed periventrically multifocal hypodensity lesion in all three women. MRI showed multifocal lesions in parietal and frontal white matter and there appeared hypodensity on T 1 weighted scan and hyperdensity on T 2 weighted scan. Diffuse demyelination,disappearance of axons,appearance of macrophages,proliferation of astrocytes and decrease of oligodendrocytes were found in the parietal and frontal white matter. Macrophages and glial cells contained lipopigments,which ultrastructurally consisted of membrane bounded intracytoplasmatic inclusions with fingerprint pattern,curved or straight parallel arrangement. The same lipopigments were also observed in brain biopsy specimens,but not in muscle and skin tissues. Conclusion Clinical and neuropathological findings confirmed that this family should be a case of having autosomal dominant POLD. Because the pathological changes found predominantly in glial cells in white matter and the eosinophilic lipopigments in glial cells presented with morphological features of lysosomes,the POLD should be a glial lysosomal disorder.

Objective: To study the effect of immune regulation of the rat Sertoli cells in testis infection. Methods: UU and Escherichia coh'(E coli) were injected into the bladders of rats, which mimics the ascending infection pathway, while using culture medium injection as control. After 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks respectively, the rats were sacrificed to observe the pathological changes in testis section. Sertoli cells were separated and obtained from rat testis, then experiments were designed to use the immunohistochemical staining to examine the different level of IL-1, IL-6, TGF-P and FasL among control ,UU and E coli infected groups.Results:Compared with control, in UU and E.coli infected group, the level of IL-1 increased ,the level of IL-6 decreased, the levels of TGF-P and FasL increased. Conclusion: Sertoli cell can play the role of immune regulation, with the expressing changes of IL-1, IL-6, TGF-P and FasL in the infection of testis in rat.

Objective:To study characters of the location in cells and binding activity of chicken Ii and B-L gene expressed products.Methods:The cloned gene segments of chicken Ii,B-LA and B-LB were respectively inserted into prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression plasmids,and then these recombinant plasmids were respectively alone transfected or cotransfected into engineering bacteria, Rosetta(DE3) or 293T cells.All of the recombinant bacteria were induced to express and their products then were renatured.The singly expressed products were detected to their immunogenicity with Western blot, and the co-expressed products were tested their binding with pull-down method and ( SDS-) PAGE.Results:First six of prokaryotic and eukaryotic recombinant expression plasmids were con-structed.The eukaryotic expressed products of Ii, B-LA and B-LB genes located in cellular plasma membrane.The single protein molecules were achieved from prokaryotic expressed products, which were renatured and purified with a Ni-column respectively.Secondly the prokaryotic expression Ii,B-LA and B-LB molecules could respectively induce mouse to product specific anti-bodies, which could recognize the corresponding products in eukaryotic expression.This indicated that they retained their antigenicity.Finally with pull-down from the products in co-expression in engineering bacteria and renaturation the Ii/B-LA or Ii/B-LB complexes were purified and the Ii,B-LA or B-LB monomers were dissociated from these complexes after a SDS treatment.Conclusion:The prokaryotic or eukaryotic expressed products of chicken Ii and B-L genes could retain their antigenicity,and chicken Ii could bind B-L molecules after prokaryotic coexpression and renaturation.These results provide a useful method to study the relation between Ii and MHC molecules.

Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors of renal artery stenosis (RAS) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods Retrospective analysis was made based on the clinical and angiographic data of patients with CAD and RAS proved by angiography during May 2003 and August 2004. Results Forty-eight (13.7%) out of 350 CAD patients were identified with significant RAS. Multi-variance logistic analysis showed that age over 70 years old, serum creatinine greater than 120 ?mol/L, history of hypertension and multi-vessel coronary disease were the independent predictive factors. Conclusion The incidence of RAS in CAD patients was 13.7%. Routine renal angiography was recommended for CAD patients.

Concussion injuries of peripheral nerves are frequently encountered in gunshot wounds of extremities. With the aid of high speed X-ray imaging technic, the sciatic nerves of dogs were visualized continuously during the formation of the temporary cavitation when a high-velocity of bullet was shot into the thigh.It was concluded that the concussional injury of the nerve was the result of a combination of stretching, compression, and concussion. There was a exponential correlation among cavity volume, absorption of energy and nerve displacement. The pathological changes included extensive microvascular injury and partial breakage of nerve fibres. Extensiveness and lack of uniformity in pathological changes may have some clinical implications.

BACKGROUND: Traction force generated by adherent cells exerts on the extracellular matrix or cell substrate through the interaction between actin and myosin, which involves a variety of physiological and pathological processes.OBJECTIVE: To review the fundamental principles and application of several traction force techniques.METHODS: The first author retrieved the databases of CNKI, WanFang, PubMed and SpringerLink for the research addressing the measurements of traction force using the keywords of cell traction force, biomechanics in Chinese and English, respectively. Repetitive articles were excluded, and 30 literatures were enrolled for analysis, including 1 Chinese and 29 English articles.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There are three kinds of measurements of traction force, such as silica gel membrane, traction force microscopy, and micromachined levers. The precise measurement of traction force contributes to further understand the cell-cell and cell-microenvironment mechanical interactions.

Objective To investigate the risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and correlations with carotid atherosclerosis.Methods The clinical data of 51 cases of N AFLD with T2DM (NAFLD with T2DM group),43 cases of NAFLD(NAFLD group) and 45 healthy objects (control group) were collected.The clinical biochemical features,carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were observed.Results The BMI and smoking rate in NAFLD with T2DM group and NAFLD group were significandy higher than those in control group [(27.25 ±3.16),(26.31 ± 2.63) kg/m2 vs.(23.12 ±3.44) kg/m2,43.1％(22/51),37.2％(16/43) vs.13.3％(6/45)](P＜0.05).The ratio of family history of T2DM in NAFLD with T2DM group was significantly higher than that in NAFLD group and control group[66.7％(34/51)vs.32.6％(14/43),8.9％(4/45)](P ＜ 0.05).Compared with control group,the level of total cholesterol (TC),trigalloyl glycerol (TG),low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),alanine transaminase(ALT),aspartic transaminase(AST),IMT in NAFLD with T2DM group and NAFLD group were significantly higher [(5.39 ± 0.85),(5.12 ± 0.77) mmol/L vs.(4.11 ± 0.64) mmol/L,(2.77 ± 1.11),(2.32 + 1.04) mmol/L vs.(1.21 ± 0.52) mmol/L,(2.98 ±0.93),(2.76 +0.78) mmol/L vs.(2.15 ±0.57) mtmol/L,(48.4 ± 18.9),(43.3 ± 16.5) U/L vs.(21.4 ± 13.6) U/L,(46.2 ± 16.7),(42.1 ± 17.5) U/L vs.(20.5 ± 12.6) U/L,(1.95 ±0.93),(1.26±0.51) mmvs.(0.71 ±0.22) mm](P＜ 0.05),while the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lower [(1.01 ± 0.35),(1.13 + 0.22) mmol/L vs.(1.31 ± 0.26) mmol/L] (P ＜ 0.05).The level of above mentioned index,there were no significant difference between NAFLD with T2DM group and NAFLD group (P ＞ 0.05).The level of fasting blood glucose (FBG),2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2 h PBG),glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c),fasting insulin (FINS),2-hour postprandial insulin (2 h PINS) and insulin resistance index of HOMA (HOMA-IR) in NAFLD with T2DM group were significantly higher than those in NAFLD group and control group [(8.15 ± 1.48) mmol/L vs.(5.10 ± 1.32),(5.62 ± 0.88) mmol/L,(13.67 ± 1.59) mmol/L vs.(7.31 ± 1.25),(8.64± 1.35) mmol/L,(7.03 ±0.84)％ vs.(5.16 ±0.72)％,(5.53 ±0.61)％,(13.32 ±4.55) mU/L vs.(6.06 ±3.11),(9.13 ±4.37) mU/L,(106.37 ±21.45) mU/L vs.(33.21 ± 18.87),(46.34 ± 16.39) mU/L,3.88 + 2.14 vs.1.13 ± 0.36,2.23 ± 1.15] (P ＜ 0.05).Carotid IMT,the incidence of carotid plaque and Crouse scores of plaque in NAFLD with T2DM group were significandy higher than those in NAFLD group [(1.95 ±0.93) mm vs.(1.26 ±0.51) mm,64.7％(33/51) vs.30.2％(13/43),(3.11 ±0.57) nn vs.(1.35 ± 0.49) mm] (P ＜ 0.05).The regression analysis showed that family history of T2DM,FBG,2 h PBG,FINS,2 h PINS were independently associated with T2DM.Conclusions Family history of T2DM,FBG,2 h PBG,FINS,2 h PINS are the main risk factors for the onset of T2DM in NAFLD.The risk of carotid atherosclerosis is increased in patients of NAFLD with T2DM.

Objective To observe the effects of cyclic tensile strain (CTS) on in vitro expression of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in rabbit chondrocytes of different ages.Methods Nine male New Zealand rabbits were grouped into juvenile (2 months), adult (8 months), and senior (31 months) groups. The bilateral knee joints were harvested using sterile technique from each rabbits. In each age group, rabbit articular chondrocytes were cultivated in vitro after randomization into a control group and a CTS group, with 6 specimens in each. In the next 3 days, CTS was applied (sin10％, 0. 5 Hz, 6 h/d) in the CTS group for 6 hours per day while no CTS was applied in the control group. After the first CTS treatment, the supernatant of cell culture was collected every 12 hours from each specimen in both groups to assess the GAG levels by Alcian blue assay.Results Expressions of GAG showed significant increases in both control and CTS groups in each age group ( P ＜ 0. 05) . Different age groups showed significant differences in the GAG secretion over different time points. Compared with the younger cells, the older ones showed the most significant difference in growth between the control and CTS groups at 12 hours, though the older cells produced less GAG than the younger ones in both groups at the end of the experiment (72 hours).Conclusions CTS can stimulate rabbit chondrocytes of different ages to secrete more GAG, and younger cells tend to produce more GAG than the older ones.