Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in mammalian plasma and involved in the metabolism and tissue homeostasis of some important substance under physiological and pathological situations.Function of glutamine should be based on its transport into or out of the functional cells via transporters located in cytomembrane.As the liver is the primary center of amino acids homeostasis in the body,it is helpful to learn structure and function of those transporters in hepatic plasma membrane to having a better understanding of the metabolism and function of glutamine.

Objective To determine halohydrocarbons and benzoid compounds in correction fluids.Methods Ten kinds of halohydrocarbons and benzenes in11commercially available correction fluid samples were detected by headspace gas chro-matography /mass spectrometry with methanol as the matrix.The sampling temperature,equilibrium time and chromatographic conditions of the method were investigated.Results The linear range,detection limit,recovery rate and relative standard devi-ation were2-1000?g /ml,0.05-0.1?g /ml,76.5%-111%and1.73%-7.75%respectively.Conclusion The method was ac-curate and suitable for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of halohydrocarbons and benzoid compounds in correction fluids.

OBJECTIVE:To propose countermeasures aimed at the new situation and problems arose from the current ad?ministration on vaccine.METHODS:Combining the related codes,problems in the current administration on vaccine were an?alyzed.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:To implement overall classified administration on vaccine in China,the legal track should be followed as soon as possible;the classified vaccine administration system should be improved;departments’functional au?thority of supervision should be strengthened;the combined administration means of supervising,assisting and promoting should be adopted and the corresponding compensation mechanism should be established.

Objective To find out critical disease entities threatening the health of Qingdao residents and to provide the relevant authorities with decision making basis. Methods A survey was conducted by means of the retrogressive method and the ICD 9 disease classification method, wherein data were collected via the computer. Results The first five hospitals in the ranking of hospitalization distribution of critical cases were the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College(35.2%), the Municipal Hospital(22.7%), Haici Hospital (16.4%),the Eighth Hospital of Qingdao(10.0%), and the First Hospital of Qingdao (8.0%). The first five diseases in the list were also the first five diseases so far as mortality was concerned: malignant tumor, cerebrovascular disease, heart disease, chronic bronchitis with the complication of pulmonary emphysema, and diabetes. Conclusion It is imperative to optimize the allocation of health resources and pay attention to the readjustment of people's dietary structure.

Objective: To compare the effects of traditional and limited resuscitation on mediators of inflammation and the lung injury in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock. Methods: Seventy-two male Spra-gue-Dawley rats were challenged with hemorrhage followed by unresuscitation or resuscitation with 6 mL/kg blood withdrawl and lactated Ringer's solution of 45 mL/(kg · h) ,30 mL/(kg · h) or 15 mL/ (kg · h). Rats were sacrificed at 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs, respectively. Blood was withdrowed for testing plasma levels of lactic acid and TNF-α. Lungs were harvested for observation of the ratio of wet/dry weight and histology. Results: The unresuscitation group were dead within 2 ～ 12 hrs, while the resuscitation groups were survival. The MAP of group 15 mL/(kg · h) increased slowly, but the MAP of 30 and 45 mL/(kg · h) groups increased rapidly. The plasma levels of TNF-α at 24 and 72 hrs and the lactic acid at 24 hrs in group 45 mL/(kg · h) were higher than that of group 15 and 30 mL/(kg · h) (P < 0. 05). The ratio of W/D weight of lungs at 48 and 72 hrs in group 15 mL/(kg · h) was lower than that of group 45 and 30 mL/(kg · h)(P<0.05). The lung injury was alleviated in pace with the time elapsing. The lung injury was more severe in group 45 mL/(kg · h) than the other two groups in 24, 48 and 72 hrs(P <0. 05). Conclusion: Limited fluid resuscitation could decrease the plasma levels of TNF-α and lactic acid,and attenuate the lung injury.

Objective To investigate the role of glutathione (GSH) synthesis in the regulation of Glutamine (Gin) on TNF-α release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated alveolar epithelial type Ⅱ cells (AEC Ⅱ). Method Primary cultured AECⅡ were divided into six groups, including control, 10.0 mmol/L Gln, 1 μg/mL LPS and LPS+(0.5, 2.0 and 10.0 mmol/L) Gln. In another set of experiments, AECⅡ were divided into six groups including 1 μg/mL LPS, LPS+10.0 mmol/L Gln, LPS+100 μmol/L L-buthionine-(S, R)-sulfoximine (BSO), LPS+Gln+(1,10 and 100 μmol/L) BSO. Each group had three samples. BSO and Gln were added at 8 hours before LPS challenge. After 24 hours of LPS stimulation, cells were obtained for GSH measurement by 5, 5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) method. TNF-α level in the supematant was determined by enzyme-hnked immunesorbent assay (ELISA). ANOVA (LSD-t test) was used for statistical analysis. Results Supple-mentation of Gin increased the GSH level and attenuated TNF-α release in LPS-stimulated AEC Ⅱ in a dose-depen-dam manner. GSH level increased from (50.69±3.04) pmol/mg cell (LPS group) to (126.74±7.13) pmol/mg cell (LPS+10.0 mmol/L group) (P<0.01) and TNF-α level decreased from (1104.5±48.8) pg/mL (LPS group) to (329.67±48.27) pg/mL (LPS+10.0 mmol/L group) (P<0.01). BSO, an GSH synthesis blocker, at doses greater than 10 μmol/L reversed the effect of Gin significantly (P<0.01). Conclusions As a precursor ofGSH, glutsmine could attenuate TNT-α release in LPS-stimulated AECⅡ,and the with may be mediated via GSH synthesis.

Objective To investigate the effect of TRAIL on NB4 and K562 cell lines, and its relationship with TRAIL releptors.Methods Jurkat cells were used as positive control,NB4 and K562 cells were treated with different concentrations of TRAIL. Cell morphologic changes were monitored. The cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay. The expression of TRAIL receptor were determined by flow cytometry.Results MTT assay showed that TRAIL inhibited the growth of NB4 and Jurkat cells in vitro in a dose-and time-dependent manner,but the effect of TRAIL on Jurkat cells was stronger than that on NB4 cells.However, the growth of K562 was not inhibited. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that DR4,DR5 and DcR1 were expressed higher in NB4 and K562 cells, but the levels of DR4 and DcR1 were very low in K562 cells.DR5 was expressed in Jurakat cells with low level. No DcR2 was detected on the surface of all the three cell lines.Conclusion NB4 cell line is moderately sensitive to TRAIL,and K562 cell line is resistant to TRAIL.The sensitivity of NB4 cells to TRAIL may be associated with the expression of DcR1, but the sensitivity of K562 cells have nothing to do with the expression of TRAIL receptors.

Objective According to the special changes of ECG in hyperkalemia animals, explore a method to reproduce a rabbits model for hyperkalemia. Methods Three programs were applied by intravenous drip of 3%KCl to reproduce the hyperkalemia model. In the first program,once the wide and deformed QRS complex occurred, the potassium drip should be stopped immediately. In the second program,the wide and deformed QRS complex was kept for 30 min by adjusting the speed of potassium infusion. In the third program, once low and flat P wave and peaked T wave appeared, immediately adjusted the speed of potassium infusion in order to keep for 30 min. And HR, BP, urine output and serum potassium were monitored simultaneously. Hyperkalemia is defined as serum potassium≥5.1 mol/L. The successful hyperkalemia model should keep serum potassium≥5.1 mol/L after ceasing potassium given 30 min. Results The second and third programs could reproduce a hyperkalemia model successfully. The serum potassium returned to normal within 30 min after stopping potassium given in the first program. Conclusion The method which keep low and flat P wave and peaked T wave for 30 min and keep the wide and deformed QRS complex 30 min could reproduce the hyperkalemia model successfully.

Natural killer (NK) cells are a component of the innate immune system. They have the ability to lyse tumor and viral infected cells, and play an important role in innate immunity and acquired immunity. As the characteristics and functions of NK cells have become more widely recognized, NK cells have been implemented as a clinical anti-tumor treatment, especially in the treatment of hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and lymphoma. NK cell-based immunotherapy currently includes autologous NK cell infusion, allogeneic NK cell infusion, and chimeric antigen modified NK (CAR-NK) cell infusion. NK cell-based immunotherapy aims to enhance the anti-tumor ability of NK cells and overcome tumor immune escape. With further research and development, NK cell therapy will become a powerful weapon for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.

Objective To investigate the incidence of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (GEP-NEN) in Chengdu City in 2010 and summarize clinical characteristics of GEP-NEN.Methods The incidence of GEP-NEN was estimated with the data in 2010 from the databases of West China Hospital and Chengdu Health Information Centre.Results A total of 77 cases of GEP-NEN were diagnosed in West China Hospital in 2010.Ten cases from other hospitals or non-Chengdu citizenship were excluded,so a total of 67 cases were included in this study.In 2010,the incidence of GEP-NEN was 1.86/105 in Chengdu City.Among 67 GEP-NEN cases,most lesions were located in pancreas and rectum (38 cases,56.7％),followed by stomach (10 cases),esophagus (seven cases) and duodenum (four cases).Among 57 GEP-NEN cases which had pathotogial grading,26 cases (45.6 ％) had neuroendocrine carcinomas or mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas when diagnosed.Conclusions In 2010,the incidence of GEP-NEN in Chengdu City is similar to the reports from other countries.Pancreas,rectum and upper gastrointestinal tract are predilection sites of GEP-NEN.The diagnosis rate of early GEP NEN needs to be raised.