Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid decline of renal function in a short period of time. In recent years, the incidence of AKI has been increasing gradually. Once the AKI occurs in a patient whose mortality in hospital may be increased significantly, the length of stay in hospital will be prolonged and the hospitalization costs increased in a short term, the long-term consequences include AKI recurrence, development into chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage kidney disease (ESRD), cardiovascular events and death, etc. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and contrast agents are common causes of AKI. The nephropathy induced by I/R and contrast agent is associated with intracellular calcium overload caused by Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX). In this article, a systematic review of the relationship between NCX and AKI was conducted, aiming to provide a reference for further recognizing the prevention, treatment and prognosis of AKI.

Objective To explore the effect of 5M1E quality analysis tool-based hand hygiene(HH) comprehensive intervention measures on pediatric healthcare-associated infection(HAI).Methods HH status of 29 health care workers(HCWs) in the pediatric department of a hospital was monitored, April-June 2015 was baseline survey stage, 5M1E quality analysis tool was adopted to analyze various factors affecting the compliance rate of pediatric HH, intervention measures began to be taken in June 2015, and compared with HH in July 2015-March 2016.The occurrence of HAI between July 2014-March 2015 and July 2015-March 2016 was compared.Results HH compliance rate of HCWs increased from 30.86% in April-June 2015 to 81.94% in January-March 2016;HH correct rate increased from 68.14% to 93.75%;HH compliance rate and correct rate of HCWs gradually increased(X2=2 608.626, 630.798,respectively, both P<0.001).Qualified rate of detection of HCWs' HH sampling increased from 20.69% in April-June 2015 to 89.66% in January-March 2016(X2=31.957,P<0.001).Incidence of HAI decreased from 7.74% in July 2014-March 2015 to 3.62% in July 2015-March 2016(X2=46.717,P<0.001).Conclusion Application of 5M1E quality analysis tool in the investigation, analysis, and comprehensive intervention in HCWs' HH in pediatric department has greatly enhanced HCWs' HH compliance rate, and reduced the incidence of HAI in pediatric patients.