Conclusion: Application of 3D printing technology in treatment of internal or external ankle distal avulsed fracture is simple, safe, reliable, and effective. In particular, it is an ideal treatment for avulsed fracture.

Objective: To develop a new type of internal fixation device which can be used to treat the minor avulsion fracture of the medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, the base of the fifth metatarsal, and the ulnar styloid process, and investigate the reliability and effectiveness of the device through biomechanical test. Methods: Eighty human's bone specimens with complete medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, the base of the fifth metatarsal, and the ulnar styloid process were selected and measured the anatomic indexes (the height, width, and thickness of medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, the base of the fifth metatarsal, and the ulnar styloid process). The CT three-dimensional reconstruction data of 200 healthy adults which including medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, the base of the fifth metatarsal, and the ulnar styloid process was also selected and measured the anatomic indexes by Mimics software. The plastic rod-hook plate was designed according to the measured results and prepared. Forty fresh porcine lower limb specimens were randomly divided into groups A and B (20 in each group), and 8 adult lower limb specimens including 4 left and 4 right were also randomly divided into groups A and B (4 in each group). All specimens were prepared for avulsion fracture of medial malleolus. Then, the fractures were fixed with plastic rod-hook plate in group A and wire anchor in group B. The load and axial torsion test of ankle joint were carried out by universal biomechanical testing machine. Results: According to the anatomical characteristics, a plastic rod-hook plate was designed successfully. The biomechanical test results between animal and human specimens were consistent. There was a linear relationship between load and displacement in the ankle distal load test. The displacement when loaded to the maximum load was significantly lower in group A than in group B ( P<0.05). The torsion angle and torque were significantly higher in group A than in group B when the internal fixation failed in the axial torsion test of the ankle joint ( P<0.05), and the torsion angle was significantly smaller in group A than in group B when the torque was 1 N·m ( P<0.05), and the maximum torque was also significantly higher in group A than in group B ( P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in torsion angle between the two groups in the maximum torque ( P>0.05). Conclusion: The biomechanical properties of plastic rod-hook plate is obviously better than wire anchor, and the fixation of avulsion fracture with plastic rod-hook plate is easy to operate, which is expected to be used in the clinical treatment of minor avulsion fractures such as medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, base of the fifth metatarsal, and ulna styloid process.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of transgastric peritoneal endoscopy in diagnosis of ascites with unknown origin.Methods Endoscopy was introduced into peritoneal cavity through gastric wall in 23 patients with exudative ascites which was able to be diagnosed by routine methods and biopsy was made through endoscopy to get pathological diagnosis.Results Definite diagnosis was made in 22 patient (95.7%),of which 12 (54.6%) were malignant tumors,8 (36.4%) were tuberculosis peritonitis,1 (4.5%) was spontaneous peritonitis associated with liver cirrhosis and 1 (4.5%) was eosinophilic enteritis.Conclusion Natural orifice transluminal endoscopy combined with biopsy is an effective and accurate procedure for diagnosis of ascites of unknown canses.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of trans-gastric peritoneoscopy with technique of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery(NOTES)for tuberculosis peritonitis.Methods Clinical data of 20 patients with tuberculosis peritonitis diagnosed by trans-gastric peritoneoscopy via NOTES were retrospectively analyzed.Results All diagnoses were confirmed by biopsy.The findings of peritoneoscopy were defined as miliary type with miliary nodes scattered in ascites and on peritoneum,adhesive type with thickening of peritoneum and adhesion between peritoneum and intestines,cheese-like type with parietal peritoneal ulcer and cheese-like substances,and mixed type with 2 or 3 of above mentioned types.Positive findings in other laboratory examinations were hemoglobin decrease in 10(50％)patients,blood sedimentation rate increase in 16(80％),C reactive protein increase in 13(65％),CA125 increase in 18(90％),and positive tuberculin test in 9(45％).Abnormal findings were detected by chest X-ray in 8(40％)patients,by abdominal ultrasonography examination in 2(10％),by abdominal CT in 7(35％),and by colonoscopy in 1(5％).No abnormal results were found in all patients in anti-tuberculosis antibody test,ascites bacteria culture and gastroscopy.Conclusion Trans-gastric peritoneoscopy via NOTES with biopsy is effective for diagnosis of tuberculosis peritonitis.

Background: Anal fissure is one of the most common anal-rectum diseases, and approximately 10 percent patients with chronic anal fissure ultimately receive surgery. Relieving postoperative pain and protecting functions of the sphincter are central issues for coloproctologists. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of anoplasty in the treatment of chronic anal fissures. Design, setting, participants and interventions: In this prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial, 120 adult patients with chronic anal fissure were referred from Department of Coloproctology of Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The patients were enrolled from January 2009 to April 2010 and randomly divided into study (mucosa advancement flap anoplasty, abbreviated as anoplasty) group and control (fissurectomy) group. The two groups were assessed separately, and the main outcome measures were observed for 2 weeks, with a short-term follow-up for 6 weeks. Main outcome measures: Degree of pain, haemorrhage and anal canal pressure were observed and recorded preoperatively, and on the third day, the fourteenth day and the sixth week postoperatively. The wound healing time was also recorded. Surgical complications of the two groups were recorded and compared on the third day and the sixth week postoperatively. The curative effects associated with the surgery were analyzed on the fourteenth day and the sixth week after surgery and the therapeutic results were evaluated. Results: Three patients were dropped out due to the early discharge from hospital and losing connection (1 in study group and 2 in control group). Overall the surgery showed that the anoplasty group had better results than the fissurectomy group in the curative effect on the sixth week after operation (P<0.05). Time of wound healing in the anoplasty group was (17.22±4.41) d and was better than (21.24±7.44) d of the fissurectomy group (P<0.05). Concerning the relief of wound pain, the anoplasty group achieved better results than the fissurectomy group at the third day, the fourteenth day and the sixth week after operation (P<0.05). Anoplasty reduced bleeding and had better efficacy than the fissurectomy at the third day and the fourteenth day after operation (P<0.05), however, there was no statistical difference at the sixth week after operation (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in relieving the anal canal pressure (P>0.05) and the surgical complications (dysuria, edema of anal margin, fever, infection, anal incontinence and anal deformation) between the two groups (P>0.05). None of the patients suffered postoperative complications by the sixth week after operation. Furthermore, there was no recurrence in either of the two groups at six weeks after operation. Conclusion: The results indicate that anoplasty for chronic anal fissures has advantages such as better therapeutic effects, less postoperative pain, a shorter healing time and no incidence of anal incontinence.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of wedge osteotomy combined with internal fixation for ulnar olecranon fracture of Mayo type ⅡB.Methods From July 2014 to December 2017,8 patients with ulnar olecranon fracture of Mayo type ⅡB were treated with wedge osteotomy of the ulnar olecranon combined with internal fixation.They were 6 men and 2 women,from 28 to 45 years of age (mean,31.4 years).The wedge osteotomy was planned preoperatively according to the literature data and the osteotomy lengths were measured postoperatively to confirm the safe range for the surgery.Fracture healing was evaluated by regular X-ray follow-up and therapeutic effects were assessed by the range of elbow motion and the Broberg-Morry scoring system.Results On average in this group,the olecranon osteotomy was 6.2 mm in length on the articular sudace and 14.5 mm at the basal part.The olecranon was shortened by 4.6 cm on average after operation.All the 8 patients were followed up for 14 to 20 months (average,16.4 months).The clinical fracture healing time ranged from 12 to 16 weeks,with an average of 14.3 weeks.Follow-ups revealed no fracture displacement,pain or internal fixation failure.No significant differences were found between the affected and the contralateral sides in the flexion,extension or range of motion of the elbow joint at 3 months or at one year after surgery (P ＞ 0.05).According to the Broberg-Morry scoring system,5 cases were rated as excellent,2 as good and one as fair at 3 months after surgery.The final follow-ups found no traumatic arthritis or joint instability.Conclusions As a new treatment alternative,wedge osteotomy combined with internal fixation can obtain satisfactory curative outcomes for ulnar olecranon fractures of Mayo type ⅡB.The wedge osteotomy was performed in a safe range for this group.

Based on the previous publications， it is believed that damp-heat syndrome is the core syndrome of rheumatoid arthritis （RA）， and Qingre Huoxue Formula （清热活血方） is an effective formula for the treatment of damp-heat syndrome of RA. “Inflammation-bone destruction” is a key pathological link of RA， and it is also the advantage of the effectiveness of Qingre Huoxue Formula. Leucine rich α-2-glycoprotein 1 （LRG1） can mediate the transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β） signalling pathway to participate in the pathogenic process of “inflammation-bone destruction” of RA， and it can be used as a target protein in the treatment of damp-heat syndrome of RA by Qingre Huoxue Formula. Accordingly， a scientific hypothesis was proposed that Qingre Huoxue Formula may regulate TGF-β signalling pathway mediated by LRG1 to improve “inflammation-bone destruction” of RA， and it was envisioned that the clinical effect of Qingre Huoxue Formula on LRG1 could be confirmed through clinical studies， and the mechanism of action of Qingre Huoxue Formula on the LRG1/TGF-β signalling axis as well as the influence of the expression or non-expression of the LRG1/TGF-β signalling axis on the therapeutic effectiveness of Qingre Huoxue Formula could be clarified through animal experiments.

BACKGROUND:At present,the use of a locking bone plate combined with steel wire or steel cable for the treatment of periprosthetic femoral fracture often adopts monocortical fixation,which is not stable and the proximal end of the bone cannot be achieved anatomically fitted by plate.The customized anatomical plate system can effectively solve this problem. OBJECTIVE:To explore the biomechanical strength of a customized anatomical plate system in fixation of Vancouver BI periprosthetic femoral fracture. METHODS:CT thin layer scanning data of normal femurs of 1 006 cases were selected and input into the MIMICS 21.0 software to establish the three-dimensional reconstruction model of the femur,which was set as the three-dimensional reconstruction group.56 complete human femoral specimens were selected as the femoral specimen group.The measured results of the two groups for femoral anatomical appearance were compared.If there was no significant difference between the two groups,the approximate appearance of a customized anatomical plate system was designed based on the measurement results in MIMICS 21.0 software and NX11.0 software.The customized anatomical plate system was designed and prepared according to the above measurement results.Eight pairs of frozen human femurs were selected to make Vancouver BI periprosthetic femoral fracture,which of the left were thin layer scanned by dual-source CT to obtain data.The data were transferred to determine the customized anatomical plate system model by the above design software.Eight sets of customized anatomical plate systems were ultimately produced,relying on the instrument company.The eight pairs of models were numbered 1-8.The left side was fixed with the customized anatomical plate system(customized anatomical plate system group);the right side was fixed with a metal locking plate system-large locking plate(claw plate group).L1-L4 and R1-R4 were subjected to vertical short-cycle loading test and vertical loading test.L5-L8 and R5-R8 were subjected to horizontal short-cycle loading test and four-point bending test.The vertical loading test and four-point bending test were used to collect bending load,bending displacement,and bending strain.Two short cycle loading tests were used to collect strain displacement to compare the maximum load,maximum displacement,bending stiffness,and short-period displacement resistance of the two kinds of bone plates. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)There were no significant differences in all indexes between the three-dimensional reconstruction group and the femoral specimen group(P>0.05).Individual customized anatomical plate system was designed based on the measurement results combined with digital software.(2)In the vertical loading test,the maximum load was higher(P=0.015),the maximum bending displacement was smaller(P=0.014),and the bending stiffness was higher(P=0.005)in the customized anatomical plate system group compared with the claw plate group.(3)In the four-point bending test,the maximum load was higher(P=0.023),the bending stiffness was higher(P=0.005),and the maximum bending displacement was not significant(P=0.216>0.05)in the customized anatomical plate system group compared with the claw plate group.(4)In the vertical short-cycle loading test,the average level of bending displacement in the customized anatomical plate system group(0.23±0.10 mm)was significantly lower than that in the claw plate group(0.44±0.02 mm)(P<0.05).(5)There was no significant difference in the average level of bending displacement between the two groups in the horizontal short cycle loading test(P>0.05).(6)It is concluded that the customized anatomical plate system has personalized anatomical characteristics,and the fixation of Vancouver BI periprosthetic femoral fracture is more stable,which has certain significance for clinical treatment.