Objective To understand the radioactivity level of food surrounding a uranium mine in Xinjiang, to supplement the baseline database of food radionuclides in Xinjiang, to analyze the content of radionuclides and to estimate the internal exposure dose of residents caused by dietary intake. Methods The specific activity of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ²²⁶Ra, ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs of interest nuclides was measured, statistically analyzed by high purity germanium γ spectrometer, and the annual effective dose of these nuclides was estimated. Results No nuclide ²³⁸U was detected in food samples from 2018 to 2020. The average activity concentration and detection rate of other radionuclides were ²³²Th: 0.428 ± 0.038 Bq/kg (18.3%)、²²⁶Ra: 0.477 ± 0.063 Bq/kg (38%)、⁴⁰K: 162 ± 7 Bq/kg (100%)、¹³⁷Cs: 0.071 ± 0.011 Bq/kg (29.6%). The annual effective dose of residents due to food radionuclides was about 0.198 mSv. Conclusion The radioactivity level of food in the vicinity of a uranium mining mountain in Xinjiang is within the national standard limit, and the average annual effective dose caused by the diet of residents is consistent with the report of UNSCEAR in 2000. The content of artificial radionuclide ¹³⁷Cs detected in food samples will not cause harm to the health of residents.