Objective To explore the therapy efficacy for children with primary nocturnal enuresis by meta-analysis on the efficiency of alarm treatment versus desmopressin.Methods PubMed, Central, Elesvier, CNKI and some other databases were browsed to obtain all randomized controlled trails(RCT) and to compare the therapy between alarm treatment and desmopressin.Data extraction and quality evaluation were done by methods recommended by Cochrane center.The results of short-term and long-term efficacy and compliance were analyzed by Review Manager 5.0.Results Fifty-four RCT were retrieved and 11 RCT were included in the study.There was no statistical difference between alarm treatment and desmopressin when analyzing by no wetting episode,wetting no more than 1 night per month,wetting nights' decrease over 90％ or wetting nights decrease over 50％.By 3-month follow-up after treatment stopped,alarm treatment significantly reduced the wetting nights to over 50％ or less than 1 night per month than desmopressin.By 6-month follow-ups after treatment stopped, there was no difference between alarm treatment and desmopressin when analyzed by wetting no more than 1 night.The relapse rate of desmopressin was higher than that of alarm treatment (P =0.007).However, the withdrawal and abandonment rate of alarm treatment was higher than that of desmopressin(P ＜0.000 01).Severe adverse effects were not found in both of the treatment groups.Conclusions There is no statistical difference between alarm and desmopressin therapy in short-term treatment.The efficiency of alarm device is better than that of desmopressin in long-term treatment.The follow-up of alarm treatment lost more than that of desmopressin.Desmopressin is better than the alarm treatment in compliance but has higher recurrence rate.

Objective To investigate the effect of isoflurane anesthesia on the expression of amyloid β protein (Aβ) in hippocampus in aged rats.Methods Sixty-one healthy male SD rats,aged 18-19 months,weighing 400-500 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups:isoflurane group (group Ⅰ,n =31),control group (groupⅡ,n =20),and blank group (group Ⅲ,n =10).Group Ⅰ inhaled 1.4％ isoflurane for 2 h,and cognitive function was assessed at 5 d before and 2 d after anesthesia by Morris water maze.Group Ⅱ received Morris water maze text only.Group Ⅲ received no treatment.Group Ⅰ was divided into 2 subgroups according to whether the cognitive impairment occurred:cognitive impairment group (P subgroup) and no cognitive impairment group (NP subgroup).The animals were sacrificed immediately after the test.The hippocampus was isolated for determination of the levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42,β-secretase (BACE),insulin degrading enzyme (IDE)and neprilysin (NEP).Results There was no significant difference in the results of Morris water maze test before anesthesia among the 3 groups.There was no significant difference in the swimming velocity between group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ.The time of staying at the original platform quadrant was significantly shorter in P subgroup than in NP subgroup and Ⅱ group,and there was no significant difference in the time of staying at the original platform quadrant between NP subgroup and Ⅱ group.There was no significant difference in the levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42,BACE,NEP and IDE among the 5 groups,and between P subgroup and NP subgroup.Conclusion Isoflurane anesthesia has no effect on the expression of Aβ in the hippocampus,indicating that isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment is not related to Aβ pathway in aged rats.

Objective To understand the clinical characteristics, treatment effect and prognosis of children with methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) combined with renal damage, and to provide experiences about how to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment.Methods The medical records of children with MMA were collected from January of 2007 to December of 2013 in Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital University of Medical Sciences,while the clinical manifestations,laboratory findings, imaging material, inspection results were analyzed, and the renal pathological gene analysis, treatment effect, and prognosis of MMA children with renal damage were studied, and follow-up was carried out for 3 months up to 7 years.Results Among the two hundred and ninety-six cases of MMA,28 cases (9.5％) with renal damage,including 19 boys and 9 girls, 18 patients with hyperhomocysteinemia.Their ages varied from 2 days to 13 years old when confirmed.The first symptoms of 16 cases were proteinuria, hematuria, and edema, 9 cases were complicated with acute renal failure,5 cases were diagnosed as hemolytic uremic syndrome,6 patients were diagnosed as nephrotic syndrome, receiving enough glucocorticoids treatment without improvement.The routine examination of the urine showed that proteinuria (241-3 060 mg/d), methylmalonic acid levels and urinary protein were positively correlated (r =0.982, P =0.003), as urinary β2-microglobulin [(360.386 ± 231.496) μg/L], retinol binding protein [(338.537 ± 243.293) μg/L] increased.Extrarenal clinical manifestations were the spiritual, mental and physical development retardations, seizures, anemia etc.Two cases had a positive family history.Renal pathology showed mesangial cells and mesangial matrix proliferation broadening, no electron dense deposits in mesangial area, renal tubular epithelial cell swelling degeneration, and immunofluorescence was negative.Gene analysis of 3 cases showed exon1:c.80A ＞ G,p.Q27R and exon1 :c.365A ＞ T,p.H122L/c.609 G ＞ A,p.W203X.Children with MMA were treated with vitamin B12 treatment.Two cases of multiple organ failure died during hospitalization, and 2 cases died after leaving hospital.After treatment, the level of urinary methylmalonic acid was significantly decreased, while nervous system symptoms improved significantly, and the mental state and the renal function were improved.Conclusions MMA may be associated with kidney damage,usually with severe renal tubular and glomerular impairment.Early diagnosis is the key,and timely treatment can effectively control the disease, improve the prognosis.

Objective:To construct a novel biomimetic calcium phosphate (BioCaP) scaffold loaded with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2),and to investigate its role in the osteogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) in vitro and in vivo.Methods:The BioCaP scaffold coprecipitated with BMP-2 (BMP-2-BioCaP) was constructed in this study.Field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the morphology of the surfaces.The release kinetics was measured to evaluate the slow-release characteristics in vitro.BMP-2-BioCaP was immersed in proliferation medium (PM) or osteogenic medium (OM),respectively.The supernatants were collected and used to culture hASCs in vitro.Cell numbers were determined using the cell-counting kit-8 (CCK-8) to assess the cell proliferation.After 7 and 14 days,alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and quantification were performed to test the activity of ALP.After 14 and 21 days,the calcification deposition was determined by alizarin red S (ARS) staining and quantification.The expressions of the osteoblast-related genes were tested on day 4 and day 14.In the in vivo study,6 nude mice were used and implanted subcutaneously into the back of the nude mice for 4 groups:(1) BioCaP scaffold only,(2) BioCaP scaffold + hASCs,(3) BMP-2-BioCaP scaffold,(4) BMP-2-BioCaP scaffold + hASCs (test group).After 4 weeks of implantation,hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was performed to evaluate the in vivo osteogenesis of hASCs.Results:SEM observations showed that BioCaP and BMP-2-BioCaP scaffold were entirely composed of straight,plate-like and sharp-edged crystal units,and the length of the crystal units varied between 5 and 10 μm.Release kinetics analysis demonstrated that BMP-2 incorporated with BioCaP could be released at certain concentration and last for more than 21 days,and the accumulative protein release could reach 20％.CCK-8 assays showed that cell proliferation was not significantly affected by BMP-2BioCaP.ALP activity was higher by the induction of OM + BMP-2-BioCaP than of the other groups (P ＜0.01).More mineralization deposition and more expressions of osteoblast-related genes such as Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2),ALP,osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OC) were determined in the OM + BMP-2-BioCaP group at different time points (P ＜0.01).HE staining showed that,in the test group and BMP-2-BioCaP scaffold group,the extracellular matrix (ECM) with eosinophilic staining were observed around hASCs,and newly-formed bone-like tissues could be found in ECM around the scaffold materials.Moreover,compared with the BMP-2-BioCaP scaffold group,more bone-like tissues could be observed in ECM with typical structure of bone tissue in the test groups.No obvious positive results were found in the other groups.Conclusion:BMP-2-BioCaP scaffold could achieve slow-release of BMP-2 and promote the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs in vitro and in vivo.The novel tissue-engineered bone composed of hASCs and BMP-2-BioCaPis promising for the repair of bone defect.

Objective To investigate the emotional state and its influencing factors in children with nocturnal enuresis,so as to improve clinical attention and give appropriate intervention.Methods Totally 166 nocturnal enuresis patients aged 9 -15 years old were admitted to Beijing Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from August 2011 to August 2014.Specifically,Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED)and Depres-sive Self -Rating Scale for Childhood (DSRSC)were utilized to test the patients′emotional state.The comparison be-tween the general norm data of the healthy children and the psychological test of enuresis children were performed,the lat-ter emotional state and its influence factors were evaluated.Analysis of variance and t -test were performed.Frequency comparison was done by using χ2 test.Influence factors analysis was made by Logistic or multiple regression analysis. Results The incidence of children′s anxiety with enuresis was 39.2%(65 /166 cases).Anxiety overall scores of children with enuresis amounted to 21 .16 ±11 .88 which were significantly higher than the norm(14.40 ±9.41 )(P <0.05).The diagnosis rate of depression in the NE patients was 9.0%.No significant difference was found in the depression total scores(P >0.05).The emotional disorders mainly appeared in patients with primary enuresis,without family history,poor grade and poor relationships with family members and peers.The school performance was an important factor for enuresis patients with anxiety disorders(P <0.05).Conclusions Children with nocturnal enuresis are more likely to have anxiety disorders than normal children.Their emotional states is related to the enuresis type,family history,school performance, family and peer relationship.Therefore,attention should be paid to the emotional state of children with nocturnal enuresis. According to the adverse factors for nocturnal enuresis patients,effective treatment and appropriate psychological interven-tion should be given at the same time.

Colorectal cancer (CRC)is one of the three major malignant tumors in the world with high morbidity and mortality. It is found that NPRL2 gene is closely related to the occurrence and development of CRC,and the expression of NPRL2 gene in CRC patients is significantly reduced. Oxaliplatin is the third generation of platinum anticancer drugs,and has been widely used in the chemotherapy of gastrointestinal tumors. Oxaliplatin can improve the survival rate of CRC patients,but some patients have drug resistance. NPRL2 gene can increase the sensitivity of oxaliplatin in the treatment of CRC,and is a potential target for treatment of CRC. This article reviewed the advances in study on NPRL2 gene and oxaliplatin in the treatment of CRC.

Objective To investigate the image quality and radiation dose of spectral CT with automatic spectral imaging mode selection (ASIS) and adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) at abdominal CT as compared with low-kVp CT with ASIR.Methods Two hundred patients underwent the plain and arterial-phase (AP) and portal venous-phase (PVP) contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scan were analyzed prospectively.The patients were randomly assigned to the control group (low-kVp CT scan) and study group (spectral CT scan),if BMI ≤ 23.9 kg/m2,patients were assigned into group A (80 kVp) or group B (spectral CT with ASIS);if 24.0 kg/m2 ≤ BMI＜28.9 kg/m2,patients were assigned into group C (100 kVp) or group D (spectral CT with ASIS)(n=50 each).Groups A and B,groups C and D were matched by gender,age,body mass index,cross sectional area and contrast agent dose respectively.Low-kVp images and monochromatic images (40 to 60 keV) were all reconstructed by using ASIR.Radiation dose and quantitative parameters (image noise in HU and contrast-to-noise ratio of the liver,aorta and portal vein) were compared by using t test while overall image quality was assessed by Mann-Whitney U test between the matched groups.Results Radiation dose in the group B was significantly higher than group A (increased by 10％,P＜0.05) but there was no significant differences between groups C and D (P＞0.05).Compared to the control group,image noises in the study group were higher at 40 keV and 50 keV (P＜0.05),but similar at 40 keV (P＞0.05).At the energy level of 40 keV,the study group showed higher CNRs,but lower overall image quality scores than the control group except for the similar image quality scores between groups A and B during AP (P＜0.05).At the energy level of 50 keV,the CNRs and overall image quality scores in the study group were higher than or similar to the control group.At the energy level of 60 keV,the study group showed lower or similar CNRs,but higher or similar overall image quality scores compared with the control group.Conclusions The radiation dose of spectral CT with ASIS technique was slightly higher than 80 kVp CT but similar to 100 kVp CT.By combining ASIR technique,monochromatic image at 50 keV can maintain or improve CNR and overall image quality as compared with low-kVp images.

Objective:To investigate the role of multimodal neuronavigation intraoperative and sodium fluorescein-guided techniques in microsurgery for intracranial malignant neoplasm.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 50 patients with intracranial malignant tumors treated by microsurgery from 2016 to 2019 in Inner Mongolia People′s Hospital. Preoperative imaging included computed tomography (CT), computed tomographic angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), MRI: MRA, MRV, DWI, PWI, DTI, DTI, MRS sequence scan, and before the operation, they were fused with the functional nervous system navigation workstation of Bo Yilai to make the navigation plan. During the operation, the functional navigation was combined with low dose fluorescein sodium (2 mg/kg) for operation. Intraoperative neuronavigation was used to determine the location of the tumor and its spatial relationship with the pyramidal tract of the main fiber conduction tract and the large blood vessels, and intraoperative yellow fluorescence mode of pentero900 Zeiss microscope showed the boundary between the tumor and normal brain tissue for tumor resection.Results:There were 38 cases of glioma, 10 cases of brain metastasis of lung cancer, 1 case of brain metastasis of renal clear cell carcinoma and 1 case of spindle cell tumor. The accuracy of preoperative neuronavigation was 95%. Compared with the preoperative lesions, MRI of the head was reexamined 3 days after operation to judge the degree of tumor resection. In this group, 38 cases (76%) were totally resected and 12 cases (24%) were subtotal resected. The 6-month survival rate was 85.9%, the 12-month survival rate was 53.1%, the 18-month survival rate was 24.5%, and the survival time was (15.0 ± 3.2) months.Conclusion:Multimodal functional neuronavigation combined with fluorescein sodium staining can locate and label tumors in real time, improve tumor resection rate, and improve the prognosis of brain cancer patients.

The clinical data of a case with late-onset isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency(ISOD)admitted in the Department of Neurology, Children′s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine in July 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.Fifteen previously published cases of late-onset ISOD were also reviewed.The patient was a girl, who was hospitalized because of " motor regression with mental retardation for 5 days" at 1 year old.The manifestations of the patient were extrapyramidal symptoms, regression of motor development and seizures.The level of urinary sulfites in the patient was increased.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features were bilateral pallidus and substantia nigra.Gene sequencing suggested a pure missense mutation of the sulfite oxidase( SUOX) gene c. 650(exon5)G>A(p.Arg217Gln). In 16 cases of late-onset ISOD, the median age at onset and diagnosis was 10.5 months and 34.0 months, respectively.The common clinical manifestations were hypotonia (13 cases), seizures (10 cases), movement disorders (9 cases), and ectopia lentis (6 cases). The most common brain MRI feature was pallidus changes (11 cases), followed by lesions of substantia nigra (5 cases), and cerebral atrophy (4 cases). Fourteen cases of late-onset ISOD showed a positive urinary sulfite test.The missense mutation of the SUOX gene was found in 9 cases.It suggested that brain MRI involvement of bilateral pallidus, high excretion of urine sulfites and the missense mutation of the SUOX gene were important diagnostic clues for late-onset ISOD.

With the advent of perioperative immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC),the management of anesthesia in thoracic surgery has become challenging.Different choices for anesthesia modalities and drugs affect immune function,tumor growth,and metastasis.Cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors activates antitumor immunity,affecting local and systemic immune response.Anesthesia and immunotherapy may cause unpredictable interactions.This review examines the impact of anesthetic modalities and pharmaceuticals along with immunotherapy on the immune status and prognosis of NSCLC,offering new insights for their perioperative management in patients with NSCLC.