Research advances in pharmaceutical preparations of chitosan were reviewed in this paper, including peroral macromolecular drugs delivery system, pH-sensitive drug release system, targeting drug delivery system, nano-drug carriers, and so on.

Objective To evaluate the serum histamine-releasing activity of patients with chronic urticaria and explore the pathogenesis of chronic urticaria. Methods Sixty-two chronic urticaria patients were studied by using in vivo autologous serum skin test (ASST) and in vitro histamine release assay of human cutaneous mast cells incubated with the patient′s sera. Results Twenty-four out of 62 patients showed a wheal response to autologous serum (38.71%). Sera from patients with chronic urticaria released a significantly higher quantity of histamine compared with the control subjects (P

0.05).ASST+ patients had larger wheals(P

The endocrine therapy of hormone receptor -positive breast cancer has been widely recog-nized.Aromatase inhibitors are better than tamoxifen in efficacy ,tolerability and other aspects .However,AIs is on-ly applied in the menopausal status of breast cancer patients .Therefore,for premenopausal patients with tamoxifen resistance ,the presence of contraindications or the existence of risk factors ,ovarian castration undoubtedly open a gateway to the more and better option for them .Because of the disadvantages of the reversibility, controllability and side effects ,castration surgery and radiotherapy have been gradually replaced by medical castration .In this paper , the new progress are reviewed .Our article aims to make a review on the lastest research on the new progress of breast cancer medical ovariectomized on endocrine therapy ,the comparison with chemotherapy and other aspects .

Objective To investigate the cognition and behaviors of sun-protection and the facial photoaging in a Nanjing population, and to analyze the relationships between them. Methods The objects being investigated in Nanjing (n=974) were divided into 10 groups according to age. The ordinary information, knowledge and behavior of sun-protection and Glogau photoageing type of face were studied by questionnaires. The results were analyzed by a logistic regression model to select the related factors to photoageing. Results The risk of skin photoageing increased with age. Most of the 46-65 years old crowds were type Ⅲ photoageing. Most of the objects being investigated had some knowledge and active awareness of sun-protection and could use some ways to protect themselves from sun. However, most people did not use the sunscreen correctly. Those who had higher level awareness and knowledge of sunprotection suffered less risk from skin photoageing. Sunbath without sunscreen for a long time outside activity was a high risk factor of development to skin photoageing. Shade, broad-brimmed hat and sun-protection in autumn were the protective factors. Conclusion Active awareness and correct methods could help prevent skin photoageing. In order to avoid the damages to skin from ultraviolet efficiently, the accurate ways of using sunscreens should be well understood.

Objective To study the roles of apoptosis and expression of the related genes in minor labial salivary gland of patients with primary Sjogren′s syndrome (pSS). Methods Biopsies of minor submucosal labial salivary gland (SG) were obtained from 30 patients with pSS and 10 control individuals. The in situ end labeling and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect the apoptotic cells and the expression of Fas, FasL and Bcl-2. Results The percentage of apoptotic acinar and ductal epithelial cells (AEC and DEC) in labial salivary glands of patients with pSS was significantly higher than that of control respectively, but the percentage of apoptotic infiltrating mononuclear cells (IMC) showed no significant difference compared with that of control, pSS AEC and DEC showed increased expression of Fas/FasL and decreased expression of Bcl-2, whereas pSS IMC showed increased expression of Fas, Fas/FasL and Bcl-2. There was significant positive correlation between the percentage of apoptotic cells and the cells expressing Fas and FasL in pSS AEC DEC and IMC, respectively, and there was significant negative correlation between the percentage of the apoptotic cells and that of cells expressing Bcl-2 in pSS DEC and IMC, but there wasn′t correlation between the percentage of the apoptotic cells and that of cells expressing Bcl-2 in pSS AEC. Conclusions The apoptotic cells increased in the epithelial cells and decreased in IMC of the labial salivary glands may be one of the mechanisms leading to the glandular destruction found in pSS. In pSS labial salivary glands, the expression of Fas and FasL may promote apoptosis, while the expression of Bcl-2 may inhibit apoptosis. The increased expression of Bcl-2 in pSS IMC indicates that IMC may be able to escape apoptosis, resulting in inflammatory cell foci.

Objective To evaluate the biological characteristics of hip joint in infants with developmental dislocation of the hip (DDH).Methods From January 2013 to June 2016,30 patients (age from 1 to 8 months,25 females and 5 males) who were diagnosed as DDH,underwent ultrasound examination in Shenzhen Children's Hospital,in these patients 20 cases were treated surgically,and 10 cases were treated with non-surgical treatment.There were 34 hips (26 unilateral dislocation and 4 bilateral dislocation) dislocation in 60 hips.All the patients were confirmed by X-ray,magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination or operation.All the patients were examined by ultrasound through the coronal and transverse plane of the hip joint.The α angle,femoral head coverage ratio by acetabulum (FHC),femoral head length and width,distance from pubis to femoral head (P-H) and distance from ischium to femoral head (I-H) were measured.The dislocation joints were compared with contralateral joints.Results The α angle in the hip dislocation group was smaller than the contralateral group [(50.5±3.75)° vs (64.8±3.38) °],and there was significant difference between the two groups (t=-15.181,P ＜ 0.001).The FHC,femoral head length and width in the hip dislocation group were all smaller than the contralateral group [(23.4t17.63)％ vs (64.3±6.45)％,(0.98 ±0.15) cm vs (1.19 ±0.11) cm,(1.38±0.21) cm vs (1.61 ±0.16) cm],and there were significant differences between the two groups (t=-12.469,-6.034,-4.568,all P ＜ 0.001).The P-H and I-H in the hip dislocation group were larger than the contralateral group [(0.97±0.45) cm vs (0.27±0.05) cm,(0.75±0.30) cm vs (0.17±0.05) cm],and there were significant differences between the two groups (t=8.805,10.696,both P ＜ 0.001).The α angle,femoral head length and width in bilateral dislocation of hip group were slightly smaller than the unilateral dislocation of hip group [(50.3±2.75)° vs (51.3±4.77)°,(0.90 ±0.15) cm vs (0.97 ±0.12) cm,(1.25±0.20) cm vs (1.37 ±0.17) cm],but there were no significant differences between the two groups.The P-H and I-H in bilateral dislocation of hip group were slightly larger than the unilateral dislocation of hip group [(0.97 ± 0.49) cm vs (0.80±0.31) cm,(0.92±0.26) cm vs (0.68±0.18) cm],but there were no significant differences between the two groups.The value of acetabular index in the ultrasound group was slightly larger than the X-ray group [(33.13 ± 7.82)° vs (31.20 ± 8.31)°],and there were no significant differences between the two groups.Conclusions The characteristics of DDH includes acetabulum and femoral head dysplasia,and femoral head and acetabulum position relationship abnormalities.Quantitative ultrasonography of the hip can be used to quantitatively evaluate the structural features of DDH,and it is helpful to the early diagnosis and follow-up of DDH.

Objective To screen genes differentially expressed between dermal papilla cells from occipital and vertex scalp of patients with androgenic alopecia (AGA) through a 3D culture system.Methods Dermal papilla cells isolated from the occipital scalp tissue of patients with AGA were cultured in a 2D system for several days.Then,the third-passage dermal papilla cells were subjected to a 3D culture with the presence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) for 72 hours (experimental group).The dermal papilla cells isolated from the vertex scalp tissue of patients with AGA,which were cultured in a 3D system with dimethyl sulfoxide,but not DHT,served as the control group.Subsequently,total RNA was extracted from the cells and reversely transcribed into cDNA followed by labeling with Cy3 and hybridization to a NimbleGen microarray.Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analysis was carried out to screen differentially expressed genes between the experimental and control group.Real time PCR was conducted to validate the results of microarray analysis.Results As the genome-wide expression profile analysis showed,there were 622 genes differentially expressed between the experimental group and control group,of which,359 were up-regulated and 263 were down-regulated in the experimental group compared with the control group.The above results were corffirmed by real time PCR.GO analysis revealed that the up-regulated genes,such as the CHEK1 and Tobl genes,were mainly involved in the inhibition of cell proliferation and promotion of cell apoptosis,while the down-regulated genes,such as the BAMBI,EFNA3,Dlx3 and UCGC genes,were associated with the acceleration of cell proliferation as well as the growth and development of epidermis.Pathway analysis showed that cell circle-controlling molecules were the most abundant molecules.Conclusions Numerous signalling molecules and pathways are involved in the development of AGA,which are mainly responsible for the modulation of cell circle,proliferation and apoptosis.

Objective To assess the expression pattern of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in human keratinocytes and to characterize its biological functions in the regulation of skin barrier.Methods Primary human keratinocytes and human N/TERT keratinocytes were used as the subject of this study.The expression and distribution of PAR2 in the keratinocytes were analyzed by using immunoflorescence staining and Western blot.Two different PAR2 agonists,trypsin and a PAR2-activating peptide (AP),as well as a PAR2-antagonistic peptide (H2N-FSLLRY-COOH) and a control peptide were used to induce the activation of PAR2 in the keratinocytes.Then,a fluorescence-based calcium mobilization assay was performed to evaluate the biological function of PAR2.Data were statistically analyzed by one-factor analysis of variance.Results Under normal culture conditions,PAR2 was weakly expressed in keratinocytes,and the expression was unaffected by culture medium composition or culture duration.Calcium mobilization was induced by trypsin of 50-250 nmol/L and the PAR2-activating peptide in a dose-and time-dependent pattern.The maximal activation of PAR2 was observed in keratinocytes treated with the PAR2 agonist HAN-SLIGKV-COOH of 75-250 μmol/L.The PAR2-antagonistic peptide (H2N-FSLLRY-COOH) obviously suppressed the increase in calcium mobilization induced by trypsin,while the control peptide PAR-RAP showed no inductive effect on the PAR2 activation based on the absence of calcium mobilization.The substrate-induced calcium release was complete within 250 seconds,and peaked at 50 seconds after the initial trypsin or PAR-AP stimulation.Moreover,the activation of PAR2 was accompanied by an increase in ERK phosphorylation and elicitation of MAPK signaling pathway in keratinocytes.Conclusions Human keratinocytes positively express PAR2,which can be activated by trypsin and PAR2-activating peptides,and the activation of PAR2 may influence the physiological function of keratinocytes by inducing intracellular calcium release.

Objective This study analyzed the incidence and mortality trends of four types of digestive tract tumors in China from 1990 to 2019,including gastric cancer,esophageal cancer,colorectal cancer,and liver cancer,in order to provide scientific basis for the formulation of prevention and control strategies for digestive tract tumors in China.Methods The Global Burden of Disease Study 2019(GBD 2019)database was used to analyze the trends of standardized incidence and standardized mortality of digestive tract tumors in China by the Joinpoint regression model.The age-period-cohort model was used to explore the age-period and cohort effects on the incidence and mortality of digestive tract tumors.Results The incidence order of digestive tract tumors in 2019 was stomach cancer(43.09/100,000),Colon and rectum(42.74/100,000),esophageal cancer(19.55/100,000)and liver cancer(14.80/100,000).The death order was gastric cancer(29.64/100,000),Colon and rectum(18.40/100,000),esophageal cancer(18.09/100,000)and liver cancer(13.20/100,000).After eliminating the influence of population age structure,the standardized in-cidence and standardized mortality of liver cancer,gastric cancer and esophageal cancer from 1990 to 2019 showed a decreasing trend year by year(AAPC liver cancer incidence=-3.1％,AAPC gastric cancer incidence=-0.07％,AAPC esophageal cancer inci-dence=-1.5％;AAPC liver cancer death=-3.4％,AAPC gastric cancer death=-1.9％,AAPC esophageal cancer death=-1.8％)(P＜0.001),and the standardized incidence and standardized mortality of Colon and rectum showed an increasing trend year by year(AAPC Colon and rectum incidence=3.1％,AAPC Colon and rectum death=1.1％)(P＜0.001).The results of age-period-cohort model showed that the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer,esophageal cancer and Colon and rectum were increas-ing with age,reached the peak in 85+group,80-84 group and 85+group,respectively.The incidence and mortality of liver cancer peaked in the 55-59 group and then decreased.The risk of Colon and rectum showed an increasing trend year by year,and the risk of death showed a first increasing trend and then decreasing trend.The incidence and mortality of liver cancer showed a decreasing trend followed by an increasing trend,while the overall incidence and mortality of gastric cancer and esophageal cancer showed a decreasing trend year by year.The earlier birth cohort of esophageal cancer and liver cancer,the higher risk of morbidity and mortality,while the later birth cohort of Colon and rectum,the higher risk of morbidity and mortality.The risk of gastric cancer showed the fluctuation.Conclusion The disease burden of digestive tract tumors in China is still heavy in China,especially the standardized incidence and standardized mortality of Colon and rectum are still increasing year by year.It is necessary to implement targeted prevention and treat-ment measures to effectively reduce the disease burden of digestive tract tumors.