As a new type of carbon nanomaterials, fluorescent carbon dots (fluorescent CDs) have many advantages when compared with the traditional fluorescent probes. They are photoluminescence stable and resistance to photo bleaching. Moreover, they are excellent in biocompatibility, low-toxic and easy to modify. All these above make them a promising optical image material as a probe in optical image. This article reviews structure, the common carbon sources, the preparation methods, and the light-emitting principles of the carbon dots. We also introduce the research progress of fluorescent carbon dots in biomedicine, and the problems need to be resolved in the study of fluorescent CDs.

Objective To control the quality of the species in Dioscorea L. better. Methods An HPLC-ELSD method was developed for the first time to simultaneously determine four bioactive ingredients:dioscin gracillin,protoneodioscin, and protoneogracillin in 31 samples belonging to seven species of Dioscorea L. from different areas. The column was an Inertsil HILIC (250mmx4.6 mm,5pm). The separation was carried out with a gradient program. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Results The standard curve was rectilinear in the range of 0.464-12.97 gg (r=0.9969) for dioscin, 0.310-7.09 ltg (r = 0.9953) for gracillin, 0.469-11.66 gg (r=0.9970) for protoneodioscin, and 0.276-6.87 gg (r＝0.9992) for protoneogracillin. The recoveries of the markers were 98.1%, 100.1%, 97.2%, and 96.4%, respectively. The contents of the four components were quite different among the seven species of Dioscorea L. Conclusion The proposed HPLC-ELSD method is convenient,fast, accurate, and applicable for simultaneous analysis of multiple bioactive components of species in Dioscorea L.for quality control, which could facilitate discovering new natural resources of steroidal saponin.

Objective To establish a RP-HPLC fingerprinting analysis method for quality evaluation and control of the four variants of Chrysanthemi Morifoli Flos. Methods RP-HPLC was used to establish the fingerprinting method.Results Despite of the similarity in terms of holistic HPLC chromatograms, the four variants of Chrysanthemi Morifoli Flos exhibit characteristic fingerprints and can be readily recognized by similarity clusters. Conclusion A simple and reliable HPLC fingerprinting method has been developed and validated to authenticate the four variants of Chrysanthemi Morifoli Flos, providing a scientific basis for quality control of Chrysanthemi Morifoli Flos.

Objective To evaluate the effect of FTY720 on pancreas islet xenograft rejection by setting up the rat-to-mouse islet xenotransplantation model. Methods Rat islets were harvesed by means of pancreatic duct irregution with collagenase and purified by discontinuous density gradient method. Then the islets were transplanted under the kidney capsule of the mouse. The recipients were divided into 3 groups randomly: control group,the mouth was administrated with saline without any immunosuppressant; experiment group 1,the mouth was administrated with FTY720 (1.0 mg/kg) orally from the operation day to day 14 after operation; experiment group 2,the mouth was administrated with combination of FTY720(1.0 mg/kg) with CsA(15 mg/kg) from the operation day to day14 after operation. The xenograft were removed with the kidney at day 3, 5, 7 and 14 after transplantation, and the rejection was analyzed. Results In the control group and experiment group 1, the xenografts were completely destroyed within one week; on day 7, no intact islets could be seen, but numerous lymphocytes infiltration were found. In experiment group 2, many intact islets were still seen under the kidney capsule in day7 and 14 after operation; and infiltrated lymphocytes could hardly or just occasionally be found. Conclusions FTY720 alone can not inhibit the rejection of islet xenotransplantation; FTY720 combination with CsA can inhibited islet xenograft rejection effectively in the rat-to-mouse model.

Photoautotrophic cultivation with heterotrophic cells as seeds (heterotrophic cells/photoautotrophic cultivation) is an effective way for the development of microalgal biofuel, but its development potential from the point of process optimization has not been investigated in literatures. To evaluate this, the optimizations of medium and culture conditions for Chlorella ellipsoidea were studied. In the heterotrophic stage, the biomass concentration reached 11.04 g/L with the optimized medium in flask, which were 28.0% higher than that with the original medium, and the biomass concentration reached 73.89 g/L in 5-L fermenter. In the photoautotrophic stage, the culture medium and conditions were studied in a 2-L column photobioreactor. The maximum biomass concentration, lipid content and lipid productivity reached 1.62 g/L, 36.34% and 6.1 mg/(L·h) under the optimal photoautotrophic conditions. The lipids were mainly composed of C16-C18 fatty acids, which were raw material suitable for biodiesel. After optimization, heterotrophic cells/photoautotrophic cultivation can significantly improve the capacity of biofuel production by Chlorella ellipsoidea, this method is also expected to be an efficient way for the cultivation of other microalgae that can grow heterotrophically.
Biofuels ; Biomass ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Chlorella ; metabolism ; Culture Media ; Fatty Acids ; biosynthesis ; Heterotrophic Processes ; Lipids ; biosynthesis ; Photobioreactors

Objective To explore the cause,treatment and prognosis of delayed massive haemorrhage (DMH) after pancreatic resection.Method Clinical data of 1554 patients undergoing pancreatectomy in our hospital from Aug 2003 to Aug 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.Results 16 patients suffered from DMH,including 13 patients who had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy,and 3 patients who had had resection of pancreatic body and tail.Gastrointestinal haemorrhage occurred in 6 patients,intra-abdominal haemorrhage occurred in 10 patients,respectively.Reoperations were performed in 11 patients,transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) undertaken in 2 patients,and endoscopic treatment in 3 patients.10 patients recovered after treatment,6 patients (6/16) died.Conclusions The mortality of DMH after pancreatic surgery is high.Postoperative pancreatic leak and gastrointestinal stress ulcer are the most possible risk factors,intra-abdominal arterial haemorrhage is the main cause of death.

OBJECTIVE:To observe the efficacy and economy of omeprazole and esomeprazole in the treatment of brain trauma and cerebral hemorrhage complicated with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. METHODS:The data of 110 patients with trauma cere-bral hemorrhage complicated with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage were retrospectively analyzed and divided into omeprazole group (56 cases)and esomeprazole group(54 cases). All patients were given conventional treatment. On this basis,omeprazole group was treated with Omeprazole for injection 40 mg by intravenous infusion;esomeprazole group was treated with Esomeprazole injection 40 mg by intravenous infusion,twice a day. The treatment course for 2 groups was 5 d. The efficacy and economy of patients were com-pared. RESULTS:The total effective rates in esomeprazole group were significantly higher than omeprazole group higher,the cost-ef-fectiveness in esomeprazde group(1 397.71)were significantly lower than omeprazole group(1 512.09)(P<0.05),andΔC/ΔE=91.52. CONCLUSIONS:Esomeprazole has good efficacy,safety and economy in the treatment of brain trauma cerebral hemorrhage compli-cated with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

Exosomes are vesicles with a double globular membrane of lipids that can be secreted by a variety of cells, including stem cells. Exosomes have unique biological characteristics and irreplaceable powerful functions which play an important role in intercellular communication. The various cytokines, signal proteins, lipids and regulatory nucleic acids contained in stem cell exosomes can play a protective role against the injury of kidney, liver, heart, blood vessels and nerves. Stem cell exosomes delay the process of intervertebral disc degeneration by inhibiting the apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells and increasing the synthesis of extracellular matrix, etc. The mechanism of its role is mainly through miRNA and related signaling pathways. Exosomes contain complex components. Although the mechanism of action of exosomes in intervertebral discs has been preliminarily explored, the components contained in exosomes are complex and the specific situation has not been fully understood, which still needs further study. In this review, the characteristics and functions of stem cell exosomes, extraction, identification and storage methods, the impacttovarious other tissues, as well as the effects on intervertebral discs and their mechanisms were elaborated in order to provide a basis for the study of intervertebral disc degenerative diseases.

BACKGROUND:A large number of domestic and international documents have confirmed that elevated interleukin-1β is associated with primary frozen shoulder.Interleukin-1B gene polymorphisms can affect the transcription and protein expression of interleukin 1β-related genes,resulting in altered levels of cytokines in vivo,and thus altering the incidence of primary frozen shoulder.Through the study of interleukin-1B gene polymorphism and susceptibility to primary frozen shoulder,this study aimed to explore new breakthroughs in the pathogenesis of primary frozen shoulder from the perspective of molecular biology,and to search for susceptibility genes of primary frozen shoulder. OBJECTIVE:To explore the association between linkage disequilibrium of three gene loci in interleukin-1B gene and susceptibility to primary frozen shoulder. METHODS:A case-control study was conducted.There were two groups in this study.One group consisted of 184 patients with primary frozen shoulder,while the other group included 260 healthy controls.The genotypes of interleukin-1B gene loci-511C/T(rs16944),+3954C/T(rs1143634),and-31C/T(rs1143627)were detected by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism.The correlation between the probability of linkage disequilibrium and haplotypes and the risk of primary frozen shoulder disease was compared and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Unconditional Logistic regression analysis showed that the proportion of CT genotypes at rs1143634 and rs1143627 sites increased significantly in the primary frozen shoulder.Linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that rs16944,rs1143634 and rs1143627 tended to be balanced in the control group(D'value<0.1),while there was a certain degree of linkage disequilibrium at rs1143627 and rs1143634 sites in the primary frozen shoulder group(D'value=0.595).Haplotype TTT increased the risk of primary frozen shoulder by 6.66 times compared with CCT type(TTT,OR=6.66,95%CI=1.59-27.88,P=0.009 7).To conclude,there is a certain degree of linkage disequilibrium between interleukin-1B gene loci rs1143627and rs1143634 in patients with primary frozen shoulder;haplotype TTT formed by these three gene loci may increase the risk of developing primary frozen shoulder.

Objective To evaluate the role of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnose of prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and to determine the correlation between dynamic MRI findings with angiogenesis.Methods Thirty-two cases of prostatic cancer and 40 cases of BPH underwent dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.All the patients in this study were diagnosed by histopathology.The results of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI were evaluated by early-phase enhancement parameters and time-signal intensity curves (SI-T curves), and the curves were classified according to their shapes as type Ⅰ, which had steady enhancement; type Ⅱ, plateau of signal intensity; and type Ⅲ, washout of signal intensity.The pathologic specimens of region of interest (ROI) were obtained, and HE staining, immunohistochemical vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and microvessel density (MVD) measurements were performed.The relationships among dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI features, VEGF, and MVD expression were analyzed.Results In the early-phase enhancement parameters of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, onset time,maximum signal intensity, and early-phase enhancement rate differed between prostatic cancer and BPH(P