In recent years, problem of postgraduate academic misconduct has become more and more serious and has caused the attention of majority of educators and academics. In this paper , the con-notation of postgraduate academic misconduct was defined based on academic standards and comparison was made between academic misconduct and academic corruption. Meanwhile , this paper pointed out problems existed in the current postgraduate academic ethnic construction and analyzed main causes of academic misconduct. Finally, this paper introduced the success experiences of Chongqing Medical Uni-versity in preventing postgraduate academic misconduct from the aspects of system construction , propa-ganda and education, supervision in postgraduate training process, strict control of graduate thesis,etc.

OBJECTIVE To study the current infection control issues and discuss protocols of nosocomial infection management. METHODS Based on the characteristics and progresses of domestic and international nosocomial infection management,we analyzed the existing problems and countermeasures of some key issues. RESULTS Enhancing nosocomial infection objective-surveillance,the personnel construction,information technology,etc are the chief methods to improve the quality of nosocomial infection control. CONCLUSIONS Adopting some new measures to strengthen the nosocomial infection management is essential and important to the security of medical treatment.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) and intracranial and extracranial arterial stenosis in 146 patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Methods Degree of intracranial and extracranial arterial stenosis in 146 patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease was assessed by CT angiography (CTA). Then all patients were divided into 4 groups according to the numbers of branches with stenosis: no stenosis group, 1 branch group, 2 branches group, and 3 and more than 3 branches group. Dynamic blood pressure was monitored to calculate the AASI. Results There was no significant difference of AASI among the extracranial arterial stenosis groups (P=0.614). AASI was positively correlated with the degree of intracranial artery stenosis (r=0.743, P<0.05), and with 3 and more intracranial artery branches stenosis (r=0.797, P<0.05). Conclusion AASI is closely correlated with the degree and numbers of branches of intracranial artery stenosis.

It has been shown that Spirulina platensis can regulate imminological functions.We report here that crude extract and purified components (phycocyanin and polysaccharide) from Spirulina platensis can induce secretion of IL 2 in splenocyte of BALB/C mice by means of MTT method.In the present study,we showed that all experimental components can't enhance proliferation of CTLL which was used in MTT method,but induce IL 2 secretion in splenocyte of BALB/C mice in three different concentration (0.01,0.1,1 g?L -1 ).Indeed the purified components especially phycocyanin part showed stronger IL 2 inducing activity than the crude one.IL 2 level was grow up when the incubation time of splenocyte and Spirulina platensis increased.In the concentration of 1 g?L -1 ,detected Spirulina platensis in our study assist IL 2 inducing of ConA (2mg?L -1 ) in splenocyte of BALB/C mice.

To investigate the relationship between plasma levels of TXB2, 6-KPGF1?, cAMP and cGMP and the hemodynamics of hypoxemia, 30 patients with chronic cor pulmonale (CCP) were studied. The influence of hypoxemia and isosorbide dinitrate therapy was also observed. The results showed: 1) Plasma TXB2 level was significantly higher and plasma 6- KPGF1? level was significantly lower in CCP patients than in healthy controls. There was a negative correlation between 6 KPGFl? and-Ppa levels and a positive correlation between TXB2, TXB2/ 6 KPGF1? ratio and Ppa levels. 2) High levels of plasma TXB2 and TXB2 / 6-KPGF1? were found in hypoxemia cases when the PaO2 level was less than 6.67 kPa (50 mmHg). 3) Reduced Ppa after isosorbide dinitrate infusion elevated the plasma levels of 6-KPGF1?, cAMP, and the cAMP/cGMP ratio, and reduced those of TXB2 and the TXB2/6-K.PGF1? ratio.

OBJECTIVE: Chengde is a city with many corneal blindness patients In north China. Lacking of corneas donation is the main reason which prevents corneal transplantation. Survey was made by questionnaire in Chengde to evaluate the current situation and the influential factors of corneal donation.METHODS: Survey was made in 3 200 Chengde residents aged 18 years or older, includes outpatients and inpatients of ophthalmology, some undergraduate students and people met accidentally in park, supermarket, station and centre for elders.48.6% are male and 51.4% are female. Self-made questionnaire includes general state, questions about cornea donation and factors influencing cornea donation.RESULTS: Among 3 200 questionnaires, 2 971 were valid. The effective rate was 92.84%. Over 50% people support donating cornea. More than 40% people intend to donate their corneas and support their relatives to donate. Among the factors for not intending to donate cornea, lacking knowledge of cornea donation was the main reason accounting for 42.81%, and worrying about the misusage of donating cornea without corresponding law became the second factor, which accounting for 21.07%. It has no influence on the consciousness of cornea donation by the difference of sex and location between city and countryside.Whereasfession and level of education indeed influence the consciousness of cornea donation, which of the people from 18 to 40 years old was greater than those of over 40, medical workers was greater than those from other fields, the people graduating from secondary specialized school or higher was greater than those graduating under secondary specialized school.CONCLUSION: People in Chengde have a positive attitude towards cornea donation. It is very necessary to enhance the education of cornea donation, establish an easy and smooth way for donation may promote cornea donating. Consummate legislation is also needed for cornea donation.

The biotransformation, CYP reaction phenotyping, the impact of CYP inhibitors and enzyme kinetics of 3-cyanomethyl-4-methyl-DCK (CMDCK), a new anti-HIV preclinical candidate belonging to DCK analogs, were investigated in human intestinal microsomes and recombinant cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. CMDCK (4 micromol L(-1)) was incubated with a panel of rCYP enzymes (CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4) in vitro. The remaining parent drug in incubates was quantitatively analyzed by a LC-MS method. CYP3A4 was identified as the principal CYP isoenzyme responsible for its metabolism in intestinal microsomes. The major metabolic pathway of CMDCK was oxidation and a number of oxidative metabolites were screened with LC-MS. The Km, Vmax, CLint and T1/2 of CMDCK obtained from human intestinal microsome were 45.6 micromol L(-1), 0.33 micromol L(-1) min(-1), 12.1 mL min(-1) kg(-1) and 25.7 min, respectively. Intestinal clearance of CMDCK was estimated from in vitro data to be 3.3 mL min(-1) kg(-1), and was almost equal to the intestinal blood flow rate (4.6 mL min(-1) kg(-1)). The selective CYP3A4 inhibitors, ketoconazole, troleandomycin and ritonavir demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on CMDCK intestinal metabolism, which suggested that co-administration of CMDCK with potent CYP3A inhibitors, such as ritonavir, might decrease its intestinal metabolic clearance and subsequently improve its bioavailability in body.

Objective:To establish rat diabetes and eye disease models by injection of STZ and explore the therapeutic effect of panaxnotoginseng polysaccharides (PNP) on the diabetes and eye diseases of the model rats,and to clarify their mechanisms.Methods:Seventy SD male rats were randomly divided into blank control (n=10) and model groups (n=60), and the rats in model group were fed with high fat diet. 2 weeks later, the rats in model group were intraperitoneally injected with 35 mg·kg-1 STZ to establish the models.And 3 d later, the rats were treated with fasting and water deprivation for 12 h,the fasting blood glucose (FBG)was tested, and the models were assessed to be successful as the FBG>11.1 mmol·L-1.The rats with hyperglycemia were selected and divided into model, melbine(150 mg·kg-1), and low, middle and high doses (75,150 and 300 mg·kg-1) of PNP groups.After orally administration for 5 and 8 weeks, the FBG levels of rats were recorded.And 8 weeks later, the sugar tolerance, hepatic glycogen levels,serum glutathione(GSH) and nitric oxide(NO) levels of the rats were tested.The rat retinas were removed to analyze the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) by using Q-PCR.The pathological changes of retinas were observed by HE staining method.Results:Compared with model group,the FBG level in middle dose of PNP group was decreased 5 weeks after treatment(P<0.05).Eight weeks later, compared with model group, the levels of FBG, sugar tolerance and hepatic glycogen in different doses of PNP groups were all decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01).Compared with model group, the level of serum GSH in high dose of PNP group was remarkably increased(P<0.01), and the NO level was significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01).Compared with model group, the expression levels of VEGF and iNOS in high dose of PNP group were significantly decreased (P<0.05).The results of HE staining showed that the neurodeatrophia of the rats in low and middle doses of PNP groups were improved;and the vascular proliferation and neurodeatrophia of the rats in high dose of PNP group were significantly improved.Conclusion:PNP could decrease the blood sugar, increase the levels of GSH and NO, and up-regulate the gene expression levels of VEGF and iNOS, resulting the treatment of diabetes and its related retinopathy.

Objective To study the correlation of cleft lip and palate transmembrane 1 like(CLPTM1L)expression and radiosensitivity of lung cancer cells.Methods Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide(MTT) and cell colony formation assays were used to determine cell growth and survival.Western Blot assay was employed to measure protein expression.Results The results demonstrated a negative correlation between the CLPTM1L expression level and radiosensitivity of lung cancer cells.A lower radiosensitivity in lung cancer cells containing high level of CLPTM1L expression,and vice versa.Enforced expression of CLPTM1L resulted in a significant reduction of radiosensitivity in lung cancer cells irradiated with γ-rays.On the contrary,a marked elevation of radiosensitivity was observed in lung cancer cells transfected with CLPTM1L siRNA.Conclusions CLPTM1L may be a novel target gene in mediating radiosensitivity of lung cancer cells.

Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell ; pathology ; Humans ; Salivary Gland Neoplasms ; pathology ; Salivary Glands ; pathology