OBJECTIVE:To study the status quo of drug use in the elder hospitalized patients(over 65 years old)and their demand for drugs.METHODS:The drugs used in the 12 614 elder hospitalized patients(over 65 years old)between July,2005 and June,2006 were statistically analyzed.RESULTS:The drugs used in elder hospitalized patients totaled 1 347 kinds,which were mainly administered orally or by injection.The consumption sum of injection accounted for 85.81% of the total.The most common diseases in the elder hospitalized patients were tumor diseases,cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,and which were more often seen in males than in females.CONCLUSION:The drugs used for the elder hospitalized patients were many in kinds.The expenses of injection showed a highest proportion in the total drug costs.Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases and tumor diseases are main diseases that threat health of aged people.

Objective To apply 3C3R model in problem design of PBL for pediatrics teaching.Methods The 3C3R model comprises two classes of components:core components and processing components.Core components of the model are 3C,which are content,context and connection while processing components are 3R,which are researching,reasoning and reflecting.3C3R model was used in the problem design for the PBL case of ‘ Why the mouth of Baobao became purple when he was crying?' Totally 76 eight-year program medical students and 7 tutors were enrolled as teaching object.The anonymous questionnaires from the students were collected for assessment of PBL teaching.Results The percentage of students with scores ≥4 for content in PLB problem design was 90.8％,for context was 80.3％,for connection was 64.5％,for researching was 81.6％,for reasoning was 69.7％ and for reflecting was 40.8％.The percentage of tutors with scores ≥4 for content in PLB problem design was 100％,for context was 71.4％,for connection was 28.6％,for researching was 71.4％,for reasoning was100％,for reflecting was57.1％.Both students and tutors held a positive attitude towards the component of content,context,researching and reasoning in problem design model.But the components of connection and reflection needed to be improved.Conclusion The 3C3R model is helpful for problem design of PBL in pediatric teaching.

ObjectiveTo observe the influence of different dietary protein intake (DPI) on nitrogen balance and nutritional indices in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and explore the minimal DPI to maintain nitrogen balance.MethodsThirty-four PD patients were randomly divided into group A, B and C with DPI as 1.2, 0.9 and 0.6 g·kg-1·d-1 respectively. All the patients admitted into our hospital and completed a 10-day assessment for nitrogen balance, as well as nutritional status including serum albumin (Alb), pre-albumin at baseline, the 7th and 10th day. ResultsThe DPI of group A, B and C was (1.18±0.05), (0.87±0.02), (0.66±0.03) g·kg-1·d-1, whose differences were significant (P<0.01). The dietary energy intake (DEI) was 129.29 (117.57-133.89), 111.71 (100.42-133.47), 146.86 (128.03-163.18) kJ·kg-1·d-1 respectively. Nitrogen balance was positive in group A, B, C [2.99 (2.15-4.72) g, 1.20(0.59-1.89) g, 0.24 (-0.87-1.27) g]. The BUN decreased at the 7th and 10th day (P<0.01) in group C. The BUN and phosphorus in group A increased, but without significant difference as compared to baseline. No significant differences of nutritional status were found among three groups throughout the trial. ConclusionMinimal DPI 0.65 g·kg-1·d-1 plus the supplement of protein loss in dialysate can maintain the nitrogen balance in peritoneal dialysis patients.

Objective:To understand the mode and effect of the consultations involved clinical pharmacists, and discuss the work-ing process and mode of the consultations. Methods:Based on the practical work and team discussion, the flow chart and consultation registration form for the clinical pharmacist consultations were established and applied. Totally 410 cases of clinica1 pharmacist consul-tations were retrospectively investigated from March 2009 to December 2012. Results:The consultation flow chart was strictly followed by the clinical pharmacists in our hospital, and the obvious effect was shown. The number of consultation was increased from 59 cases in 2009 to 122 cases in 2013. In all the consultation cases, 21 departments were involved, including the medical departments and the surgery departments. Among the cases,the adjustment in antibacterial drug treatment was the main requirements. Meanwhile, the a-doption rate of the clinical pharmacist suggestions was 95. 12%. Conclusion:Clinical pharmacists are playing an important role in clin-ical treatment. The consultation work can be regulated by the consultation flow chart and registration form with the improved adoption rate and consultation quality.

Objective:To study the physical activity level and its influence factors among residents in one suburb of Beijing,so as to provide specific interventions for different people in different circum-stances and to provide reference for health relevant policy-making in the future.Methods:In the study, 7 31 9 subjects aged 1 8 years or above were involved.The self-designed questionnaires based on Health Belief Model (HBM)had acceptable validity and reliability.The physical activity levels were calculated to classify sufficient or insufficient amount by a thousand-step equivalent greater than or equal to 6 or 1 0. Multiple variable Logistic regression was used to explore the influence factors of the physical activity among the residents.Results:The residents’median amount of physical activity in the suburb district of Beijing were 9.1 thousand-step equivalent with quartile of (3.8,20.4).The percentages of the thou-sand-step equivalent greater than or equal to 6 or 1 0 were 63.7% and 47.7%,respectively.The median amounts of physical activity from work or household chores,transportation and recreation physical activi-ties were 4.0,1 .0,0.0 and the components of the total amount of physical activity from those were 61 .7%,1 8.3% and 20.1 %,respectively.There were 8.6% residents whose life did notinvolve moder-ate or vigorous intensity activities.By using factor analysis,five factors were extracted from the scale based on the HBM;These factors together contributed to 63.7% of the sum of the squared loadings.The differences of physical activity levels on education level,age,gender,self-efficacy,cues,subjective and objective barriers were statistically significant (P <0.05).Those who were female,with older age,lower education level,higher self-efficacy,fewer cues,fewer subjective and objective barriers preferred to do more physical activities.Conclusion:The physical activity levels among the residents in the suburb dis-trict of Beijing are moderate and high,and most amount of physical activities from work or household chores.Those who are male and whose ages are from 1 8 to 29 years and whose education levels are of university or above should be focused on intervention.Specific interventions should be developed for dif-ferent people in different situations;More attention should be paid to improve the residents’self-efficacy and reduce the subjective and objective barriers of physical activity,and we also should actively advocate people to have more leisure exercise so as to improve the physical activity level among all residents.

Objective: To investigate the regulation of emodin on microRNA expressions in mouse model with sepsis by GeneChip microRNA array. Methods: Forty two c57 mice were randomly (random number) divided into 3 groups: sham operation group (sham group, n=14),sepsis group(n=14) and emodin group (n=14). The sepsis model of the mouse was subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Mice in emodin group received intraperitoneal injection of emodin (40 mg/kg) half an hour before operation and every 12 hours after CLP. All mice were sacrificed 48 h after surgery and part of the ileum were removed for intestine tissue stained with hematoxylin eosin. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) in peripheral blood were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Total RNA of ileum tissues was extracted from the sepsis group and emodin group, and then subjected to miRNA microarray. The results of microarray were further verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted and subjected to gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Data of multi-groups were analyzed by one way variance (ANOVA) and inter-group comparisons were made by SNK-q tests. Mann-Whitney U test was used when homogeneity of variance were not met. The value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Compared to the sepsis group, the levels of serum TNF-α, IL-6 and I-FABP in the emodin group were decreased significantly. MiRNA microarray showed that 23 miRNAs were differentially expressed in the emodin group as compared to the sepsis group, among which 17 miRNAs were up-regulated and 6 miRNAs were down-regulated. qRT-PCR results were consistent with miRNA array data. Target genes of 10 selected miRNAs were predicted and subjected to bioinformatic analysis. A total of 3 410 target genes were significantly enriched in 2 072 GO biological process terms, 246 GO cellular component items and 277 GO molecular function terms. Moreover, KEGG pathway analysis showed that these differential miRNAs were involved in the regulation of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathway. Conclusions Emodin can regulate the expression of multiple microRNAs, and play an important role in protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier via a variety of targets and pathways.