OBJECTIVE:To discuss the approaches to carry out health education among patients with diabetic mellitus.METHODS:The significance of carrying out health education among patients with diabetic mellitus and the challenges existed were analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Clinical pharmacists can carry out education among outpatients and public education to provide patients with basic knowledge,and the knowledge about drug treatment,blood glucose monitoring to effectively enhance the tertiary prevention of diabetes and patients' ability of self-nursing and survival quality.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the status quo and problems of application of parenteral nutrition in our hospital. METHODS:Cases of parenteral nutrition support(PN)from January to June in 2008 were reviewed and analyzed statistically. RESULTS:The problem of 637 patients treated with PN included indication,duration,prescription composition and incompatibility. CONCLUSION:The application of PN in our hospital is partly rational,nevertheless there are also some problems needed to be improved.

Objective:To observe the factors of adverse drug reactions in the nervous system.Methods:197 cases of adverse drug events in the nervous system were collected and analyzed in our hospital from January,2007 to December, 2008.Results:In the 197 cases,80 patients(about 40.61%) were above 60 years old,and 149 patients(about 75.63%) were medicated by i.v.183 cases belonged to the scope of ADRs,and the other 14 cases,to ADEs.The main drugs were anti -bacterials which caused ADR/ADE of the nervous system,and the second were traditional Chinese drug preparations. Conclusion:The ADRs in the neurological system were involved in many kinds of drugs,and had many clinical manifestations. The clinicians should pay attention to them.

Objective:To analyze the risk factors in the incidence of diabetic ketosis ( DK) in diabetic patients complicated with chronic renal insufficiency ( CRF) . Methods:Totally 82 diabetic patients with CRF were selected from our hospital. The data was col-lected using the questionnaire survey, and the influencing factors in the incidence of DK were analyzed. Results:According to the sin-gle factor analysis, 15 influencing factors had statistical significance in the DK incidence. The Logistic regression analysis indicated that the incidence of DK in diabetic patients with CRF was negatively correlated with age, complication and medication compliance, while was positively correlated with HbA1c. Conclusion:The incidence of DK is decreased with the increase of age, complication and medication compliance, while the higher HbA1c, the more DK occurs. Clinical pharmacists should pay attention to the regular patient education, strengthening the follow-up after discharge and individualized drug delivery in order to ensure the effective control of blood sugar and reduce the occurrence of DK.

Antiplatelet drugs are widely used for various cardiovascular diseases. However, there is no standard for pharmaceutical care of antiplatelet drugs. In the paper, the development and application in antiplatelet drugs of thrombelastography were reviewed to analyze the application value of thrombelastography in effectiveness evaluation of antiplatelet drugs.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the clinical characteristics of cefepime-induced neurotoxicity and to provide reference for rational use of cefepime.METHODS:Medical records of cefepime-induced neurotoxicity were collected from medical literatures from 1997 to 2009.Age and gender of 46 patients,primary diseases,drug usage,onset time of ADR,clinical symptom and prognosis were analyzed.RESULTS:Of 46 patients,25 cases were male and 21 female.Their average age was (59.56?18.84) years old (unknown age of 1 case).38 cases received cefepime alone and 8 cases cefepime combined with other drugs.All patients were administered by intravenous infusion.Of 46 patients,32 patients suffered from chronic renal failure,among which 10 patients received overdosage of medicine (unknown dosage of 1 case).Clinical symptoms of cefepime-induced neurotoxicity were encephalopathy,myoclonus and epilepsy.The occurrence time of neurotoxicity was (4.39?2.18)d (unknown occurrence time of 2 cases).The symptoms of 36 cases were relieved and cured after drug withdrawal and treatment with mean cure duration of (2.67?2.64)d.CONCLUSION:Great importance should be attached to the antibacterial effects of cefepime and cefepime-induced neurotoxicity.

OBJECTIVE:To determine the concentration of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in human plasma by LC/MS. METHODS:The separation of sample was performed on Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18 with diphenhydramine used as the internal standard.The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol-water(10mmol?L-1 NH4Ac plus 0.1% acetic acid)(55∶45) with a flow rate of 0.2mL?min-1.The column temperature was set at 30℃.The atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry(APCI-MS) were adopted with pseudoephedrine m/z =166.1 and diphenhydramine m/z =242.3.RESULTS:The linear concentration range for pseudoephedrine was 3.2～408.96ng?mL-1(r=0.999 0) with lowest detection limit at 3.2ng?mL-1.The average recovery was 98.21% with both the intra-day RSD and the inter-day RSD at less than 13%.The stability of pseudoephedrine was stable.CONCLUSION:The method is of high sensibility and accuracy,and it can be used for blood concentration monitoring pharmacokinetic study of pseudoephedrine.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the characteristics and regularities of adverse drug reactions(ADR) induced by anti-infective drugs in our hospital.METHODS:657 ADR cases induced by anti-infective drugs collected by the ADR monitoring center in our hospital in 2006 were classified and analyzed.RESULTS:13 categories(49 kinds) of anti-infective drugs were involved in the total 657 ADR cases.Of which,those patients aged above 60 years accounted for 30.14%.The ADR were chiefly induced by quinolones,followed by cephalosporins and penicillins etc,which chiefly manifested as lesion of skin and its accessories(53.12%),followed by the lesions of digestive system and nervous system etc.CONCLUSION:Multiple factors contributed to the ADR,to which great importance should be attached so as to reduce the incidence of ADR induced by anti-infectives.

OBJECTIVE:To understand the characteristics of adverse drug reactions(ADR)for their rational use in clin-ic.METHODS:242ADR cases had been collected from July1,2002to June30,2003in our hospital.All the cases were analyzed in respect of drug species,categories of anti-infective drugs,involved organ systems,ways of administration and ages of the patients.RESULTS:Among the242cases of ADR,the reasons were found to be related to use of anti-infective drugs,the quality of injection fluid of traditional Chinese medicine,ways of intravenous administration,the older age of the patients,ADR were mainly manifested as skin and local lesion.CONCLUSION:Rational use of anti-infective drugs and the good quality of the traditional Chinese medicine injections should be emphasized to decrease the occurrence of ADR.

[Objective]To observe the effects of borneol on the pharmackinetics of scutellarin after intranasal administration in rats.[Method]The different time of plasma scutellarin concentration was determined by the method of 125I label after iv injection or intranasal administration,intranasal administration of scutellarin(combined with 1% borneol)0.4 mg?kg-1 in SD rats.To calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters by 3P87 software.[Result]The time of maximum concentration(Tmax)and the maximum concentration(Cmax)at the class of intranasal administration is 25.0 min,0.55ug/ml,at the class of intranasal administration(combined with borneol)46.5 min,0.50ug/ml;the absolute bioavailability of intranasal administration is 53.70%,while the intranasal administration(combined withborneol)is 52.86%,there is no statistically significant differences compared with each other.[Conclusion]The borneol prolongs the peak time of plasma scutellarin concentration after intranasal administration in rats,but AUC is not influenced.