OBJECTIVETo establish a method for quick investigating the absorption ingredients of Plantaginis semen and guiding the index selection for its quality control.

METHODThe absorption of three concentrations of Plantaginis semem was investigated with the in vitro everted intestinal sac (VEIS) model The intestinal sac contents of jejunum and ileum were collected at different time and geniposidic acid was detected by HPLC and LC-MS(n) as the representative marker.

RESULTSix ingredients could be detected. At different concentrations of Plantaginis semen, geniposidic acid tested by VEIS showed that there was a good linear correlation between the drug absorption from the medium across the intestinal epithelium into the sac contents in various intestines section. The absorption of the gut sacs from 0 to 90 min manifested a significant time-dependent manner. The Ka of geniposidic acid in the jejunum and ileum increased along with the raised dosage of the Plantaginis Semen (P < 0.05), which indicated a passive absorption manner.

CONCLUSIONThis method can be used as a tool to investigate the absorption ingredients of Plantaginis Semen. Comparing with the jejunum, the ileum can provide more absorption information faster. The optimal incubation time in intestinal sac was 90 min.

Animals ; Body Fluids ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacokinetics ; Ileum ; chemistry ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Intestinal Absorption ; Jejunum ; chemistry ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Plantago ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and predisposing factors associated with preoperative anemia in adult femoral shaft fractures.Methods:A retrospective analysis of clinical data from 157 patients presenting with femoral shaft fractures admitted to the department of orthopedics at Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital between June 2018 and June 2022 was conducted. The study cohort comprised 106 males and 51 females, with an average age of 45.06 ± 14.32 years (range: 18-65 years). Based on hemoglobin levels measured within 2 days of admission, patients were stratified into two groups: anemia group (Hb<120 g/L in adult males and Hb<110 g/L in adult females) and non-anemia group. General demographic information, AO fracture types, and clinical characteristics, as well as the results of laboratory examinations for both groups were collected. Subsequently, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted.Results:Out of the 157 patients with femoral shaft fractures, 118 (75.2%) exhibited preoperative anemia (the anemia group). Among them, 75 cases were male, and 43 cases were female, with an average age of 45.84±14.23 years (range: 18-65 years). In terms of fracture AO type, 41 cases were classified as 32A, 19 as 32B, and 58 as 32C. Regarding fracture location, 14 were situated in the upper 1/3 of the femoral shaft, 67 in the middle 1/3, and 37 in the lower 1/3. The causes of injury included 63 cases of motor vehicle accidents, 5 cases of blunt trauma, 40 cases of falls, and 10 cases of other falls, with 65 cases involving multiple injuries. Conversely, 39 patients (24.8%) did not exhibit preoperative anemia (the non-anemia group). Of these, 31 were male, and 8 were female, with an average age of 42.72 ± 14.51 years (range: 19-65 years). In terms of fracture AO type, 24 cases were classified as 32A, 5 as 32B, and 10 as 32C. Regarding fracture location, 3 were situated in the upper 1/3 of the femoral shaft, 19 in the middle 1/3, and 17 in the lower 1/3. The causes of injury included 13 cases of motor vehicle accidents, 5 cases of blunt trauma, 20 cases of falls, and 1 other fall, with 8 cases involving multiple injuries. Univariate analysis revealed statistically significant differences between preoperative anemia and AO fracture type, mechanism of injury, multiple injuries, time from injury to hospital admission, albumin levels, and age ( P< 0.05). Multifactorial logistic regression analysis identified AO type 32C ( OR=3.12, P=0.020), blunt trauma injuries ( OR=0.13, P=0.021), reduced albumin levels ( OR=9.90, P=0.037), and multiple injuries ( OR=3.65, P=0.016) as risk factors for preoperative anemia. Multifactorial logistic regression further revealed that multiple injuries ( OR=5.20, P=0.004) and reduced albumin levels ( OR=5.47, P=0.001) were risk factors for the severity of anemia. Conclusion:AO type 32C fractures, blunt trauma injuries, reduced albumin levels, and multiple injuries were identified as potential contributors to the development of preoperative anemia, with multiple injuries and reduced albumin levels exacerbating the severity of anemia. Clinicians should be vigilant for the occurrence of preoperative anemia in adult femoral shaft fracture patients, particularly those with blunt trauma injuries, multiple injuries, hypoalbuminemia, and AO type 32C fractures.