Objective To optimize the application principles of gradient factors(GFs) in decompression algorithm by analyzing its law of regulation.Methods The saturated value of compartments was listed and the limits of decompression were calculated to evaluate the effect of GFs on safety and efficiency of decompression.The anchor point of GFs was changed.Results and Conclusion A higher GF was recommended in shallow and short dives, while in deep and long dives a moderate low GF and decompression by oxygen was preferred.The modification of the anchor points of GFs can increase the risk of decompression sickness and should be used with caution.

Objective To study the oxidative stress state of mice before and after air simulated diving. Methods Forty-eight mice were divided into 6 groups randomly. Every group was exposed to corresponding pressure for 60 minutes, twice a day for consecutive 3 days. Blood was obtained at the corresponding time to observe the changes of maleic dialdehyde, glutathione, glutathione-s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Results Compared with the control, the activity of glutathione-s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and the level of glutathione were markedly inhibited and maleic dialdehyde increased in HO group and HA1 group (P

Background and purpose:Indensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) is an advanced method in radiotherapy field.Divect machine optimization technique is an good aritmetic for IMRT optimization.The purpose of this study was to compare the dosimetric differences between traditional technique and direct machine parameter optimization(DMPO) technique in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC) using step and shoot IMRT.Methods:Eleven patients of(NPC) were treated with step and shoot IMRT in Cancer Hospital,Fudan University from Feb.2005 to May 2006.Their plans(original plan,defined as treat) were archived for comparing with four kinds of IMRT plans(defined as DMPO100,DMPO90,DMPO80,DMPO70) with different predefined maximum number of segments(100,90,80,70,respectively),which were designed to use direct machine parameter optimization(DMPO) technique.We compared the total monitor units(MU),total segments,dose distribution and conformity index among the plans.Results:All the plans showed similar target coverage.Compared with traditional technique,IMRT plans with DMPO technique showed higher conformity index,and had similar uniformity except plan DMPO70.The dose distributions of DMPO100 and DMPO90 were similar or superior to the original plan(treat) in terms of critical organs.Without sacrificing plan quality,the total segments were about half of traditional plan if DMPO technique was used for planning.Moreover,the total monitor units(MUs) and the radiation time were decreased.Conclusions:Compared with traditional technique,plans designed with DMPO technique show sharp decrease in total segments without sacrificing plans quality in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC).The DMPO technique can also decrease the total MUs and radiation time.

Objective To investigate the role of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) in induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by hyperbaric oxygen (HBO).Methods Superoxide anion (O·-2) specific fluorescence probe DHE and mitochondrial O·-2 probe Mito-SOX were used to label ROS in human umbilical vein endothelium cells(HUVEC) microscopically after HBO exposure.Results After HBO exposure, O·-2 increased (31±8)% and (137±19) % in whole cells and in mitochondria, respectively (P<0.01).These increments were suppressed by MRC complex Ⅱ inhibitor TTFA for (55±11)% in whole cells (P<0.05)and (61±8) % in mitochondria(P<0.01).Conclusion MRC may be the main source of ROS induced by HBO in HUVECs.

Through teaching on diving site,teachers can help students strengthen the un-derstanding and memory on theoretical knowledge,translate the knowledge into practical skills,and obtain primary medical supervisal capabilities. Scene teaching in diving unites can help students learn about the great achievements in the past and the present situations. Such understandings would be good for the students’fostering the responsibility and mission sense as a diving physician. In conclusion,it is very necessary to teach on diving site in the teaching of diving medicine,and such teaching should be kept as an essential part.

Background and purpose:There is controversial about dissecting the laryngeal nerve in operation of thyroid tumour in clinic. We adopted the methods of exposure of recurrent laryngeal nerve(RLN) to study their deficiencies and benefits. Methods:We reviewed review 456 cases of thyroid tumour who were operated. In 266 cases, RLN was unveiled generally. In 190 cases that RLN was not exposed, had subtotal thyroidectomy with protection of amatomical region.Results:RLN injury did not occur in the exposure group. 4 cases occurred in non-exposure group(3 cases of temporary RLN injury and 1 case of permanent RLN injury). Among the 3 cases of temporary RLN injury, one was caused by the large size of tumour, the other two were caused by the location of thyroid tumor. One case of permanent RLN injury was a case of reoperation for recurrence.Conclusions:The familiarity of the anatomy and variation of RLN, and the exposure of RLN in thyroid operation, can reduce the rate of the RLN injury.

ObjectiveTo discuss the safety and feasibility of transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site resection of postperitoneal paraganglioma. MethodsFive patients with postperitoneal paraganglioma accepted transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site surgery from October 2010 to October 2011.Four patients were male and 1 patient was female aged from 24 to 52 years with the average age of 38 years.Three patients presented with paroxysmal hypertension,1 patient with persistent hypertension,and the other with no symptom.The tumors were located on left postperitoneum in 3 cases (2 adjacent to left renal vessels,the other para-aortic),and right postperitoneum in 2 cases (1 adjacent to right renal vessels,the other between inferior vena cava and aorta).The diameter of tumors ranged from 2.5 cm to 6.0 cm.or-blocker was given for preoperational preparation.After 2 -4 weeks,transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site resection of tumors were administered.Transparacolic route was selected in 4 cases and the other was operated through mesentery. ResultsAll the operations were successful.None was converted to conventional laparoscopic surgery or open surgery.The operative time ranged from 80 to 190 min,the mean was 150 min.The blood loss ranged from 50 to 150 ml,the average blood loss was 85 ml. No operation-related complications ocurred.Four cases with hypertension returned to normal blood pressure.All cases recovered uneventfully and discharged in 3 to 6 d after operation.Postoperational pathologic result proved the diagnosis of paraganglioma.The wound healed very well and the scars were occult.Follow-up was performed in all cases for 3 to 15 months.No recurrence was found.ConclusionTransumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site resection of postperitoneal paraganglioma could be safe and effective,and has good cosmetic effect.

AIM: To evaluate the changes of serum total prostate specific antigen (T-PSA), free prostate specific antigen (F-PSA) and the ratio of F-PSA to T-PSA (F/T) in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) and its clinical significance. METHODS: The concentrations of T-PSA and F-PSA in serum were measured by micropartical enzyme immunoassay (MEIA) using AxSYM System, and the F/T ratio was calculated. RESULTS: Before operation, the concentrations of T-PSA and F-PSA in patients with PCa were much higher and F/T ratio was significantly lower than that in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). T-PSA and F-PSA levels decreased, but F/T ratio increased after operation in PCa and BPH. F/T ratio in 83.5% PCa and 6.5% BPH was less than 0.16. To diagnosis PCa, the sensitivity of F/T ratio was 83.5%, and the specificity was 86.7%. CONCLUSION: Serum T-PSA, F-PSA and F/T ratio are important parameters for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. [

Objective To discuss the clinical and pathological manifestations of paragangliomas of the urinary bladder (PUB) and improve the preoperative diagnosis and surgical treatment of PUB.Methods Clinical data of 11 patients treated for PUB from June 1985 to March 2010 were analyzed.All cases had mild-paroxysmal hypertension, palpitation, sweating, and 9 cases occasionally showed headache and micturition syncope during straining urination. Twenty-four hour urine catecholamine (CA) levels were estimated in all cases. B-ultrasound and CT and/or MRI scanning were used in the imaging of all cases. Nailfola microcirculation inspection was carried out in 5 cases. Scintigraphy 131I-MIBG in 4 patients was positive expression, 7 of 111 In-DTPA-Octreotide scintigraphy and I of PETCT were also positive expression. UICC bladder tumor classification was T1 (1 case), T2 (5 cases), T3(4 cases), T4 (1 case). Results All the patients underwent partial cystectomy, laparoscopy or TURBT. One patient received 131 I-MIBG therapy. Histopathological diagnosis was confirmed by HE staining in all of the removed tumors. The tumors consisted of discrete aggregates of zellballen cells separated by a network of vascular channels. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 291 months (mean, 45 months). There were 3 recurrences following surgery. One patient died after developing pelvic lymph nodes, liver and colon metastasis. Conclusions PUB should be suspected in patients below 40 years of age if the clinical manifestations of typical tetrad symptoms: headache and micturition syncope,sweating, palpitation and hematuria are present. Advanced classification, multifocal tumors and CgA (+) are risks of recurrence and metastasis. In those patients with unresectable multiple or recurrent tumors, chemotherapy and 131I-MIBG therapy may be helpful for controling hypertension and delaying progress.

To meet the requirements for the development of marine resources and military operations, divers usually dive deeper than the depth at which narcosis is present during air diving.Under this condition, heliox is required for this div-ing.Sofar, some countries have developed their own decompression tables for routine heliox diving.The best-known is tables from USA and France.In the preceding century, tables of Former Soviet Union and France used for routine heliox diving were introduced into China.On the basis of both types of tables,Chinese Navy developed their own tables for this purpose. In this paper, we summarized the characteristics of these tables from 5 countries and compared them in terms of structure, oxygen use, total decompression time, first stop and other features.This may provide a basis for future modification of ta-bles used in China and the development of new tables for routine heliox diving.