There has been continued controversy on the taxonomy of Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus,1758 from humans and Ascaris suum Goeze,1782 from pigs.This article reviews a range of comparative studies related to host susceptibility,morphology,karyotype,immunology and biochemistry,as well as molecular genetics in recent years.

Objective To determine the best method of revision for failed pedicle screw by investigating the change in maximum insertional torque and axial pullout strength after placing a larger diameter and/or longer screw or augmenting the failed hole with bone shims or PMMA. Methods Six fresh male adult cadaveric spines from T10-L5 were harvested. These specimens, aging from 23 to 51 years with an average of 36.7 years, were divided into six groups: 1)Using a larger diameter screw; 2)Using a longer screw; 3)Using a larger and longer screw; 4)Augmenting with bone shims; 5)Augmenting with PMMA; and 6)Reinsertion after being backed out. The first three groups were subdivided into two groups. Maximum insertional torque and axial pullout strength of each original screw were recorded as control data. Change of maximum insertional torque and axial pullout strength between original and corresponding revision screws were noted. Measurements were analyzed using one-way ANOVA statistically by SPSS10.0. Insertional torque change after simply removing and replacing a 5.0 mm?40 mm screw was also measured. Results Among the changes in pedicle dimensions, the greatest improvement in peak insertional torque and axial pullout strength occurred when using a 2 mm larger and 10 mm longer screw, with an increase of 37.06% and 18.22%; a 2 mm larger screw increased peak insertional torque and axial pullout strength by 20.15% and 19.99% respectively, while a 1 mm larger and 5 mm longer screw increased by 19.23% and 10.07% respectively; use of a 5 mm or 10 mm longer screw decreased peak insertional torque by 32.80% and 14.02% respectively, with axial pullout strength down by 27.36% and up by 43.25% respectively. Use of bone shims caused a decrease of the insertional torque and axial pullout strength by 14.99% and 29.34% respectively. Hole augmentation with PMMA lead to a significant increase in insertional torque but a decrease in axial pullout strength by 37.40%. Simply removing and replacing an original screw resulted in a decrease in insertional torque by 34.22%. Conclusion Revision for pedicle screw is most effective when using a 2 mm larger diameter screw, next by using a 1 mm larger diameter and 5 mm longer screw. Use of a bone shim should be avoided. The efficacy of hole augmentation with PMMA need to be further investigated.

Objective To compare the effect of pulling and rotating manipulation in different cervical postures on intradiscal pressure of the cervical spinal cord.Methods Quantitative simulation of pulling and rotating manipulation was performed on 6 fresh corpse cervical samples by Mechanical Testing & Simulation(MTS) system in different cervical postures of 20 degrees of anteflexion,neutral position,and 20 degrees of posterior extension,and the changes of intramedullary pressure of intervertebral C3/4,C4/5 and C6/7 were measured.Results The intradiscal pressure of intervertebral C3/4 and C4/5 in the posture of 20 degrees of posterior extension at the end of pulling manipulation by 200N and when the posture returned to the primary after pulling and rotating manipulation was less than that in the posture of 20 degrees of anteflexion(P

Objective To investigate the influence of the purging fire and removing toxin method on chemokines and adhesion factors related to vascular endothelialitis injury induced by toxin of trimeresurus stejnegeri bite.Methods ① Animal experiment:50 healthy New Zealand white rabbits were chosen.According to random numbers generated by statistical software,they were divided into normal control group,model group,low,middle and high dose Sheshang capsule groups,10 in each group.Trimeresurus stejnegeri bite model was replicated by injecting 0.75 mL/kg snake venom into subcutaneous tissues of rabbits' right hind legs.And the same volume of normal saline was injected into the rabbit in the normal control group.After the model was established for 6 hours,the rabbits in low,middle and high dose Sheshang capsule groups received 174,348 and 522 mg· kg-1 · d-1 of Sheshang capsule solution respectively (the content of capsules was dissolved in normal saline to make liquid with 17.4,34.8 and 52.2 g/L Sheshang solution respectively,so the volume of gavage of each group was 10 mL· kg-1 · d-1);in the model and normal control groups,the same amount of normal saline was given by gavage,once daily for consecutive one week.24 hours after the last gavage,the blood of the rabbits was collected through an auricular border vein and the serum was separated by centrifuge ready for use.Meanwhile,the whole abdominal aorta segment of the rabbit was harvested and kept them in liquid nitrogen ready for use.② Cell experiment:human umbilical vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC) was cultured with MEM for 24 hours.The solution was replaced and according to the random number generated by statistical software,the cells were divided into blank control group,model group and low,middle,high dose Sheshang capsule medicinal serum groups,10 wells in each group.Trimeresurus stejnegeri toxin cell model was reproduced by addition of 5 mg/L snake venom into the cell culture medium.After 6-hour culture,the cells of model group and blank control group received 10％ normal rabbit serum,and the cells of low,middle and high dose Sheshang medicinal serum capsule groups received serum containing 5％,10％ and 15％ drug,respectively.After culture for 72 hours,the cells were collected and the total RNA was extracted.The real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect the levels of mRNA of interleukin-8 (IL-8),monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1),intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in the vascular endothelial cells of rabbit aorta abdominalis and human umbilical vein,and the content of serum E-select element (CD62E) was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results In model group,the expression levels of mRNA in IL-8,MCP-1,ICAM-1,VCAM-1 and the content of CD62E were all increased significantly in the endothelial cells of rabbit aorta abdominalis and HUVEC compared with those in control group [when the mRNA expression levels of IL-8,MCP-1,ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in normal and blank control group were all being 1,the mRNA expression levels (2-△ △Ct) of the above mentioned inflammatory factors and adhesion molecule in animal model group were 3.96 ± 0.39,3.07 ± 0.27,3.71 ± 0.26,3.94 ± 0.26,and the mRNA expression levels (2-△ △Ct) of the above mentioned inflammatory factors and adhesion molecule in HUVEC model group were 3.53±0.70,2.24±0.48,3.13±0.44,2.80±0.13,respectively,all P ＜ 0.01].The content of CD62E in serum was increased significantly in model group compared with that in normal control group (μg/L:1.31 ± 0.22 vs.0.82 ± 0.13,P ＜ 0.01),the mRNA expression levels of IL-8,MCP-1,ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were decreased significantly in low,middle,high dose Sheshang capsule groups compared with those in model group in endothelial cells of aorta abdominalis of rabbits and HUVEC [abdominal aorta:IL-8 mRNA (2-△ △Ct) were 1.13 ± 0.19,1.26 ± 0.16,1.27 ± 0.17 vs.3.96 ± 0.39,MCP-1 mRNA (2-△ △ Ct) were 1.79 ± 0.24,2.22 ± 0.38,1.76±0.19 vs.3.07±0.27,ICAM-1 mRNA (2 △△Ct) were 2.05±0.11,1.68±0.09,2.37±0.48 vs.3.71±0.26,VCAM-1 mRNA (2-△△Ct) were 1.59±0.08,1.40±0.11,1.84±0.11 vs.3.94±0.26;HUVEC:IL-8 mRNA (2-△△Ct) were 2.33±0.59,2.82±0.82,2.51±0.77 vs.3.53±0.70,MCP-1 mRNA (2-△△Ct) were 1.59±0.35,1.48±0.36,1.54±0.29 vs.2.24±0.48,ICAM-1 mRNA (2-△△Ct) were 1.46±0.38,1.77±0.65,1.73±0.50 vs.3.13±0.44,VCAM-1 mRNA (2-△△Ct) were 2.49±0.24,2.18±0.19,2.45±0.24 vs.2.80±0.13,all P ＜ 0.05].The contents of CD62E were decreased significantly in middle,high dose Sheshang capsule groups compared with the content in model group (μg/L:1.01 ±0.14,1.04±0.13 vs.1.31 ±0.22,all P ＜ 0.01),but there were no statistical significant differences among the three drug group (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The therapy of purging fire and removing toxin can treat vascular endothelial injury by inhibiting the inflammatory response induced by Trimeresurus stejnegeri bites.

Objective:To explore the structure and diversity of intestinal flora in patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) before and after treatment with cefotaxime combined with levofloxacin.Methods:From October to December 2018, 6 patients with CAP in the Department of Infection, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Tongde, were treated with cefotaxime injection 2.0 g (once/8 h) combined with 0.5 g levofloxacin injection (once a day). A total of 12 fecal samples were collected before and after 7 days of treatment. The stool samples before and after treatment were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing.Results:⑴ The structure of intestinal flora before and after treatment : at the phylum level: Firmicutes 59.2% vs 40.8%, Proteobacteria 18.6% vs 35.5%, Bacteroidetes 14.8% vs 20.8%, Actinobacteria 5.6% vs 1.2%; At the family level: Ruminococcaceae 34.5% vs 13.0%, Lachnospiraceae 15.9% vs 9.7%, Veillonellaceae 1.8% vs 3.3%, Lactobacillaceae 0.3% vs 8.0%, Streptococcaceae 2.9% vs 1.1%, Enterococcaceae 0.02% vs 5.2%, Enterobacteriaceae 16.4% vs 34.6%, Bacteroidaceae 13.3% vs 16.8%, Porphyromonadaceae 0.3% vs 3.4%, Adlercreutzia 4.4% vs 0.5%. There was no significant difference in the composition and structure of intestinal flora before and after treatment ( P>0.05). ⑵ The diversity of intestinal flora before and after treatment: operational taxonomic units (OTU) mean (150.5±59.0) vs (93.2±34.1), t=2.72, P=0.04; Chao1 index (169.25±49.61) vs (117.92±35.06), t=3.22, P=0.02; shannon index (3.61±0.83) vs (2.31±0.73), t=4.54, P=0.01; simpson index (0.80±0.10) vs (0.61±0.20), t=2.76, P=0.04. There were significant differences in the diversity of intestinal flora before and after treatment ( P<0.05). ⑶ There was significant difference in desulfovibrio between the two groups before and after treatment (LDA=2.03, P=0.02). Conclusions:After intravenous infusion of cefotaxime combined with levofloxacin for one week , the diversity of intestinal flora was significantly reduced after treatment. Desulfovibrio was the flora with statistical differences between before and after treatment.

Objective:To understand the genome characteristics of group A rotavirus (RVA) strains among hospitalized children under 5 years of age with acute diarrhea in Fuzhou sentinel hospital in 2020.Methods:The ELISA method was used for screening RVA-positive stool samples of hospitalized children under 5 years of age, then 11 gene segments of RVA-positive samples were sequenced and typed after amplification by RT-PCR, and their homology and phylogenetic analysis were performed by Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA).Results:Twenty RVA whole genome sequences were successfully obtained, including 4 kinds of G/P gene combinations-G9P[8] (55%), G3P[8] (25%), G8P[8] (15%) and G2P[4] (5%). DS-1-like reassortant strains accounted for 40% of the whole genomes. Strains of the same type have high sequence homology, are closely related to the virus strains that currently circulating in the world. There are mutations at multiple important antigenic sites on VP7, VP4 and NSP4 fragments. The variation of amino acid substitutions of VP7, VP4 and NSP4 fragments is complicated, and there are many amino acid substitutions in the antigenic regions.Conclusions:G3P[8] and G8P[8] DS-1-like reassortants were detected for the first time in Fuzhou, amino acid substitutions were observed in the antigenic regions of the VP7, VP4 and NSP4 gene. Due to the emergence of uncommon DS-1-like reassortant strains and multiple important antigenic regions substitutions, it is necessary to continuously monitoring genome characteristics of RVA strains to provide scientific evidence for the pandemic prevention and vaccine immunization strategies.

Objective:To investigate the prevalence and genotypes of parechovirus A (PeV-A) in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis under 5 years of age in Fuzhou, China.Methods:We performed a real-time RT-PCR to screen for PeV-A from stool samples and amplify VP3/VP1 junction region by nested RT-PCR to identify PeV-A type.Results:The result showed that 28 of 316 (8.86%) children with acute gastroenteritis were positive for PeV-A, two cases were co-infected with calicivirus, none with rotavirus, adenovirus or astrovirus. Totally 21 cases were PeV-A1, 1 case was PeV-A3 and 2 cases were PeV-A6 among 24 cases who were positive for PeV-A; PeV-A1 was the most prevalent strain with the proportion of 87.5%. The infection with PeV-A mainly occurred in children under 1 year of age and was prevalent between August and October.Conclusions:PeV-A1 was a main pathogen in PeV-A in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in Fuzhou, and the children under 1 year of age were the main target population of PeV-A1.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To establish UHPLC?MS/MS method to determine geniposidic acid in rat plasma and to investigate the effect of salt processing on pharmacokinetics of geniposidic acid in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver.METHODS Chromato-graphic columnBEH?C18100 mm×2.1 mm1.7 μmthe mobile phaseacetonitrile?0.1% formic acid aqueous solution. The gradient elution program was performed at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min.RESULTS The main pharmacokinetic parameters of geniposidic acid in raw and salt products were thatAUC0?t were1 47.18±272.282 120.694± 664.532ng.h/mLAUC0?∞ were1 564.42±273.972 145.61 ±659.983ng.h/mLCmax were517.59±51.24733.292±261.34ng/mLMRT were2.68±0.112.551±0.08hT1/2 were1.37±0.081.43±0.17hTmax were1.52±0.11.51± 0.1h.CONCLUSION Salt processing can obviously enhance the absorption of geniposidic acid in Eucommia ulmoides Oliverand increase the bioavailability.

Objective:The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of gas explosion on rats and to explore the pulmonary function alterations associated with gas explosion-induced acute blast lung injury (ABLI) in real roadway environment.Methods:In April 2018, the large coal mine gas explosion test roadway and explosion test system were used to simulate the real gas explosion roadway environment, fixed the cage and set the explosion parameters. 72 SD rats, male, SPF grade, were randomly divided into nine groups by completely random grouping method according to their body weight: control group, close range group (160 m) , and long range group (240 m) . In each group, there were wound groups (24 h group and 48h group, 8/group, total 48 in six groups) and no wound groups (8/group, total 24 in three groups) . Except for the control group, the other groups were placed in cages at different distances under anesthesia, the experiment of gas explosion was carried out by placing the rats in a position that could force the lungs. The changes of respiratory function of the rats in the non-invasive group were monitored with pulmonary function instrument at 2 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 168h after the explosion, and were killed under anesthesia 7 days later; the rats in invasive groups were anesthetized and killed at 24 h, 48 h and 168 h, respectively. Gross observation, lung wet-dry ratio and lung histopathology were performed.Results:Compared with the control group, f (respiratory frequency, f) , MV (minute ventilation, MV) , PEF (peak expiratory flow rate, PEF) , PIF (peak inspiratory flow rate, PIF) and EF50 (1/2 tidal volume expiratory flow, EF50) of rats in the close and long range groups decreased significantly after gas explosion 2 h. PAU (respiration pause, PAU) , Te (expiratory time, Te) , Ti (inspiratory time, Ti) and Tr (relaxation time, Tr) were significantly increased ( P<0.05) . After 48 h, TV (tidal volume, TV) , Penh (enhanced respiration pause, Penh) , PAU, and PIF of rats in the long range group were significantly increased ( P<0.05) . After 72 h, MV in the long range group was significantly decreased ( P<0.05) . Compared with the control group, Penh, PAU, Ti and Te were significantly decreased after 168 h in the close and long range groups, with statistical significance ( P<0.05) . At the same time, the body weight of rats in different range groups was significantly decreased ( P<0.05) . In addition, both HE staining and routine observation of lung tissues of rats in different range groups showed that gas explosion caused pulmonary edema, obviously congested pulmonary capillaries, a large number of inflammatory cells and infiltrated red blood cells. Conclusion:Gas explosion in real roadway environment can cause the change of respiratory function phase and lung tissue damage in rats, suggesting that the model of gas explosion-induced ABLI has been initially established successfully, which would provide a basis for further study on the pathogenesis of ABLI.

Objective:The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of gas explosion on rats and to explore the pulmonary function alterations associated with gas explosion-induced acute blast lung injury (ABLI) in real roadway environment.Methods:In April 2018, the large coal mine gas explosion test roadway and explosion test system were used to simulate the real gas explosion roadway environment, fixed the cage and set the explosion parameters. 72 SD rats, male, SPF grade, were randomly divided into nine groups by completely random grouping method according to their body weight: control group, close range group (160 m) , and long range group (240 m) . In each group, there were wound groups (24 h group and 48h group, 8/group, total 48 in six groups) and no wound groups (8/group, total 24 in three groups) . Except for the control group, the other groups were placed in cages at different distances under anesthesia, the experiment of gas explosion was carried out by placing the rats in a position that could force the lungs. The changes of respiratory function of the rats in the non-invasive group were monitored with pulmonary function instrument at 2 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 168h after the explosion, and were killed under anesthesia 7 days later; the rats in invasive groups were anesthetized and killed at 24 h, 48 h and 168 h, respectively. Gross observation, lung wet-dry ratio and lung histopathology were performed.Results:Compared with the control group, f (respiratory frequency, f) , MV (minute ventilation, MV) , PEF (peak expiratory flow rate, PEF) , PIF (peak inspiratory flow rate, PIF) and EF50 (1/2 tidal volume expiratory flow, EF50) of rats in the close and long range groups decreased significantly after gas explosion 2 h. PAU (respiration pause, PAU) , Te (expiratory time, Te) , Ti (inspiratory time, Ti) and Tr (relaxation time, Tr) were significantly increased ( P<0.05) . After 48 h, TV (tidal volume, TV) , Penh (enhanced respiration pause, Penh) , PAU, and PIF of rats in the long range group were significantly increased ( P<0.05) . After 72 h, MV in the long range group was significantly decreased ( P<0.05) . Compared with the control group, Penh, PAU, Ti and Te were significantly decreased after 168 h in the close and long range groups, with statistical significance ( P<0.05) . At the same time, the body weight of rats in different range groups was significantly decreased ( P<0.05) . In addition, both HE staining and routine observation of lung tissues of rats in different range groups showed that gas explosion caused pulmonary edema, obviously congested pulmonary capillaries, a large number of inflammatory cells and infiltrated red blood cells. Conclusion:Gas explosion in real roadway environment can cause the change of respiratory function phase and lung tissue damage in rats, suggesting that the model of gas explosion-induced ABLI has been initially established successfully, which would provide a basis for further study on the pathogenesis of ABLI.