Objective　To investigate the protective effects of alcoholic extracts of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) and its combination with Rad ix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RSM), Radix Bupleuri (RB), and Fructus Schisandrae Chi nensis (FSC) respectively on experimental hepatic injuries. Methods　Hepatic injury models were established with the injections of carbon tetrac hloride (CCl4) or D-galactosamine(D-GlaN) into mouse, and then the therapeut ic agents at same dose were given respectively. The activity of cholinesterase(C hE) and alaline aminotransferase(ALT) in the serum and hepatic homogenate, the c ontents of malonyl dialdehyde (MDA), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and reduced glut athione (GSH) in hepatic homogenate from all mouse were determined. The morpholo gic changes of the livers were also observed with VG staining. Results 　In CCl4 treated mice, serum ALT activity was increased markedly wh ile ChE acti vity decreased significantly. GL and GL+RB, GL +FSC could relieve these changes ; GL combined with all other agents could inhibit the GSH accumulation, but only GL+FSC had a suppressive effect on MDA increase and made it return to normal. For D-GlaN treated mice, all agent groups had little effect on the activity of ChE; Only GL dramatically reduced the increased activity of ALT; GL +RSM could e liminate the GSH, but not significant; GL and all GL combinations could decrease the increased MDA (P<0.01). Pathological observation showed that hepatocyte damage in GL group and GL+FSC group incline d to recover. Conclusion　The results indicate that Ganoderma lucidum is an effective agent against hepatic injuries, especially combined wi th F ructus Schisandrae Chinensis, which may be associated with its anti-hepatocyte oxidation.

Objective Amniotic membrane as the carrier to culture the vascular endothelial cells was investigated in this study in order to explore whether the corneal endothelial cells superseded by the vascular endothelial cells is feasible on the account of directing a kind of the original method to handle the bullous keratopathy.Methods The vascular endothelial cells adhering to the sphagitides lumen of the experimental rabbits were digested and gained by means of the perfusion method with 0.25%tripsin plus 0.02%EDTA.Fresh amniotic membrane without the amniotic epithelial cells was cut into the square tissue about 1.5 cm?1.5 cm and spread evenly in the 24-well culture dish.Primary cultured cells were subcultured on the amniotic membrane.We would not transplant the vascular endothelial cells feeding on the amniotic membrane until cells is full of the whole amniotic membrane surface.One to two months after the operation,the change of corneal diaphaneity was observed.Results About 12 days since the cell transplantation was performed,the corneal transparency alteration between the experimental groups and the control one is different.The corneal buttons in the experimental group show the severe edema and opacity,and the anterior chamber couldn't be seen unclearly.But,10 days after the operation,the corneal oedema which begins to extenuate was judged through the indicatrix that the corneal edema in the experimental group has been recovering slowly,among which the anterior chamber tissue of 7 animals was visible through the implant.The corneal edema in the control groups intensified evidently,even,the part of these appeared the ulcerous necrosis as result of the corneal severely edema.There is the existence of difference between two groups(P

Objective To explore the feasibility of mechanical chest compression to establish a rat model of car?diopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR) . Methods 4?month old healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group ( n=6 ) and model group ( n=10 ) . After induction of anaesthesia with 10% chloraldurate ( 3 ml/kg, i. p. ) , tracheal intubation and left femoral artery cannulation were performed. Under electrocardiographic and artery blood pressure monitoring, tracheal obstruction ( TO) was performed to rats in model group. At 2 min after the cardiac arrest ( CA) occurred, CPRs were administered to the rats using a self?made animal chest compressor, which provided chest?com?pression at a rate of 200 bpm. Results Shortly after TO, rats in the model group had respiratory arrest, cyanosis and ar?rhythmia. Electrocardiography indicated that CA occurred within 4-5 min, with a decreased artery systolic blood pressure ( <40 mmHg) and a zero pulse pressure. Return of spontaneous circulation ( ROSC) after the CPR was successfully a?chieved in 8 rats (80%), with a transient reperfusion arrhythmia. Finally, 60% of the rats (n=6) recovered to con?sciousness and survived for 24 hrs. The serum biochemical analysis indicated that there were electrolyte disturbances, aci?dosis, impaired renal functions and increased myocardial enzyme spectrum. Pathological examination revealed cardiac rhab? domyolysis, no?reflow phenomenon in renal glomeruli, decrease of neurons and pulmonary congestion in the model group rats. Conclusions Mechanical chest compression can provide minimal cardiac output for the requirement of CPR incardiac arrestin rats. It is feasible to establish rat CPR model with the mechanical chest compression.

Objective To assess longitudinal, radial and circumferential systolic strain of regional myocardium in patients with coronary artery disease by 2-dimensional strain echocardiography, and to explore stenosis of coronary artery impacting on regional left ventricular systolic dysfunction in quietscent condition. Methods Twenty-six patients with coronary artery disease were entrolled into this study and 26 healthy volenteers in the control group. The two-dimensional loop-einec were obtained in apical 4-chamber view,apical 2-chamber view and long axis view of left venricular, and three levels of the short axis views (mitral valve,papillary muscle and cardiac apex). According to left ventricle 18 segments divla, there were 194 affected myocardiums in 26 cases. According to stenosis degrees of coronary artery, the affected myocardiums were divided into two groups: group A (coronary stenosis degree≤70%) and group B (coronary stenosis degree>70%). Longitudinal, radial and circumferential systolic strain (SL, SR, SC) from regional myocardium were analyzed. Results Group A had 90 segments. Compared with control group,SL was decreased significantly from control group (P <0.05),while there were no significantly differences in SC and SR ( P>0.05). Group B had 104 segments. Compared with control group, SL, SC and SR were decreased significantly in group B(P <0.05). There were significant differences in SL,SC and SR between group A and group B(P<0.05). Conclusions Systolic dysfunction of left ventrieular regional myocardium in patients with coronary artery disease could be accuratly analyzed by 2-dimensional strain echocardiography. Changes of SL,SC and SR of regional myoeardium could reflect coronary stenosis severity degree.

OBJECTIVETo determine the prevalence of loss to follow-up (PLF) and risk factors among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients from 1989 to 2012 in Baoshan city, Yunnan province.

METHODSThe epidemic and follow-up databases of HIV/AIDS patients by the end of 2012 were downloaded from "the history card downloading site" of HIV/AIDS database in China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and obtained the related data of patients from 1989 to 2012 who had local residence in Baoshan city. These data included demographic characteristics (genders, age at the time of HIV testing positive, and occupation, marital status, and education levels, et al), transmission routes, and disease staging, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and sources of samples, the first CD4(+)T cell counts, and status of follow-up, et al. Descriptive epidemiological study was used to describe the general characteristics of loss to follow-up. Multivariable Cox regression was used for determining risk factors associated with loss to follow-up.

RESULTSA total of 3 295 eligible HIV/AIDS patients from 1989 to 2012 were included. The accumulative study person-year was 11 416.59 years, 222 HIV/AIDS patients were lost to follow-up, and the PLF was 0.019 4/ person years (py). The highest PLF was 0.052 8/py in 2008, the lowest was 0.006 2/py in 2012. The lost patients included 56.76% (126/222) males and 43.24% (96/222) females, the PLFs were 0.020 4/py, 0.018 3/py, respectively. Baoshan city, other cities in Yunnan province, and other provinces, foreign nationality as the family register reached 53.60% (119/222) , 28.83% (64/222) , and 5.86% (13/222) , 11.71% (26/222) , respectively, and their PLFs were 0.012 5/py, 0.046 3/py, and 0.053 6/py, 0.095 6/py, respectively. Receiving ART and not receiving ART occupied 6.76% (15/222) , 93.24% (207/222) , respectively, and the PLFs were 0.001 9/py, 0.0588/py. AIDS and HIV staging standed at 8.11% (18/222) , 91.89% (204/222) , respectively, and the PLFs were 0.003 3, 0.034 5/py. The first CD4(+)T cell counts < 200, 200-350, and > 350 cells /ml accounted for 4.95% (11/222) , 73.87% (164/222) , 21.17% (47/222) , respectively, and the PLFs were 0.004 8/py, 0.024 0/py, 0.020 3/py. The results of multivariable Cox regression showed the risks of loss to follow-up (RLFs) of family register as other cities in Yunnan province (HR = 3.11, 95%CI:2.28-4.25) , other provinces (HR = 2.55, 95%CI:1.42-4.56) , and foreign nationality (HR = 2.12, 95%CI:1.35-3.33) higher than that of Baoshan city, respectively. The RLFs of not receiving ART (HR = 20.83, 95%CI:11.74-36.96) and HIV staging (HR = 3.61, 95%CI:1.82-7.16) were higher than those of receiving ART and AIDS staging, respectively, moreover, the RFLs of the first CD4(+)T cell counts between 200-350 cells/ml (HR = 0.35, 95%CI:0.15-0.82) and the first CD4(+)T cell counts > 350 cells/ml (HR = 0.29, 95%CI:0.12-0.72) were less than that of first CD4(+)T cell counts < 200 cells /ml, respectively. The RLF of transmission route as injecting drug (HR = 0.60, 95%CI:0.41-0.88) was less than that of heterosexual contact.

CONCLUSIONOverall, the prevalence of loss to follow-up among HIV/AIDS patients shows a downward trend, moreover, patients of outsiders, heterosexual contact, HIV staging, baseline CD4(+)T cell counts < 200 cells/ml are at higher risk of loss to follow-up.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; epidemiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Continuity of Patient Care ; statistics & numerical data ; trends ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors

Objective To compare the application of main concept analysis(MCA)and story narration as-sessment(SNA)in aphasia discourse assessment,and study their clinical applicability.Methods A total of 8 apha-sic and 22 healthy control subjects were recruited.Local sequential picture materials were used to elicit language samples.The differences between groups in the assessment results of the MCA and the SNA were compared,the consistency of the assessment results of the two methods were also analyzed.The inter-rater and the intra-rater reli-ability of the two methods was discussed.Results The results of the MCA showed that the number of accurate and complete(AC)main concepts(P＜0.01),the number of accurate and complete main concepts per minute(AC/min)(P＜0.05)and main concept scores(MC scores)(P＜0.05)of the aphasia group were significantly lower than those of the healthy group.The number of absent(AB)main concepts(P＜0.05)were significantly higher than those of the control group.As for the result of SNA,the score of the content of sub picture description(P＜0.05),the total score of sub picture description(P＜0.05)and the total score of overall description(P＜0.05)in the aphasia group were significantly less than those in the control group(P＜0.05).No significant difference be-tween the standardized scores of the two methods were observed,and inter-rater and the intra-rater reliability were both in a good range.Conclusion The clinical applicability of the two methods is excellent and the evaluation results are conststent.The MCA has outstanding advantages in evaluating the quality and quantity of information,while SNA examines the syntax and content organization,which can reflect the overall discourse performance.

Objective To investigate the effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress on sensitivity of glioma cell line U87 to temozolomide (TMZ) and underlying mechanism.Methods (1) Glioma U87 cells were routinely cultured for 24 h in vitro;different concentrations of TMZ (0,12.5,25,50,100 μmol/L) were added to intervene the cell proliferation of U87 cells for 24 h;MTT method was used to detect the cellular proliferation inhibition rate,and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TMZ was calculated;tunicamycin (TM) treatment (0,2,4,8 μmol/L) was given to the cells for 6 h,and then,50 μmol/L TMZ was given for 24 h,and cellular proliferation inhibition rate of U87 was detect by MTT method.(2) U87 cells were randomly divided into control group,TM group,TMZ group and TM+TMZ group;pretreatment of TM for 6 h was given to cells from TM group and TM+TMZ group;and 50 μmol/L TMZ was given to cells from TMZ group and TM+TMZ group;same amount of medium was given to cells from control group;24 h after treatment,the apoptotic rate was examined by flow cytometry;Westem blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of caspase-3,B-cell lymphoma 2 associated X protein (Bax),O-6-methlguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT),glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78),and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-l).Results (1) MTT showed that IC50 of TMZ was 50 μmol/L.As compared with that of 0 μmol/L TM+50 μmol/L TMZ group or 2 μmol/L TM+50 μmol/L TMZ group,the cellular proliferation inhibition rate of 4 μmol/L TM+50 μmol/L TMZ group and 8 μmol/L TM+50 μmol/L TMZ group was significantly decreased (P＜0.05).(2) As compared with TMZ group,TM+TMZ group had significantly decreased apoptotic rate (46.98％±4.79％ vs.35.74％ ±4.09％),significantly decreased caspase-3 and Bax protein expressions,and significantly increased MGMT,GRP78 and IRE-1 protein expressions (P＜0.05).Conclusion Endoplasmic reticulum stress can increase the resistance gene MGMT expression,decrease the chemotherapy sensitivity to TMZ,and induce chemoresistance ofglioma cell line U87.

A significant proportion of patients with chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) fail to respond to standard therapies. Recent evidence suggests that globus pallidus internus (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising treatment option; however, reports are few and limited by sample sizes. We conducted a systematic literature review to evaluate the clinical outcome of GPi-DBS for ChAc. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for relevant articles published before August 2021. The improvement of multiple motor and nonmotor symptoms was qualitatively presented. Improvements in the Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale motor score (UHDRS-MS) were also analyzed during different follow-up periods. A multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted to identify potential predictors of clinical outcomes. Twenty articles, including 27 patients, were eligible. Ninety-six percent of patients with oromandibular dystonia reported significant improvement. GPi-DBS significantly improved the UHDRS-motor score at < 6 months (p < 0.001) and ≥ 6 months (p < 0.001). The UHDRS-motor score improvement rate was over 25% in 75% (15/20 cases) of patients at long-term follow-up (≥ 6 months). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that sex, age at onset, course of disease, and preoperative movement score had no linear relationship with motor improvement at long-term follow-up (p > 0.05). GPi-DBS is an effective and safe treatment in most patients with ChAc, but no reliable predictor of efficacy has been found. Oromandibular dystonia-dominant patients might be the best candidates for GPi-DBS.

Objective To investigate the outcome and affecting factors of patients with osteosarcoma after recurrence.Methods Retrospective analysis was used to analyze the achieved data and prognosis-related factors of 72 patients with extremity osteosarcoma after recurrence from June 2000 to September 2012 through multicenter joint treatment.37 males and 35 females were included.The overall age was 7 to 61 years old (average age22.2 years old).Classification based on the tumor recurrent parts:42 cases (58.3％) on femur,18 cases (25％) on tibia,7 cases (9.7％) on humerus and 5 cases (6.9％) on fibula.Classification based on metastases:14 cases of simple recurrence (19.4％),58 cases (80.6％) of recurrence with metastasis:29 cases (40.3％) of recurrence occurred first,9 cases (12.5％) of metastasis occurred firstly,20 cases (27.8％) of simultaneous recurrence with metastasis;12/14 patients (16.7％) of simple recurrence had long-term survival,but 2 died (2.8％).Six of 58 patients (8.3％) of recurrence with metastasis had long-term survival but 52 died (72.2％).Results The overall 10-year postrelapse survival rate of the 72 patients was 25％.Kaplan-Meier univariate analysis revealed that postrelapse survival was significantly influenced by the continued treatment after recurrence and the number of postoperative chemotherapy,but it was not significantlyinfluenced by age,gender and the number of preoperative chemotherapy.Multivariate analysis revealed that the continued treatment after recurrence and the number of postoperative chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors (P=0.002,P=0.007).At the same time,according to the survival curve grouped by different indicators,the number of chemotherapy after recurrence has no significant effect on TFS.However,the continued treatment after recurrence has obvious statistical significance on improving TFS and OS of patients (P=0.026,P=0.002).Conclusion Resection and standard postoperative chemotherapy had significant effects on the postrelapse survival in patients with osteosarcoma.There are good prospects for further multimodal therapy and multicenter cooperation for osteosarcoma after recurrence.