Objective To study the relationship between the serum level of cholinesterase (CHE) and patient's clinical characteristics and serum levels of lactic dehydrogenate(LDH) and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) in non-Hodgkin lymphoma(NHL) patients. Methods The levels of CHE, LDH, β2-MG were detected with rate method and immunoassay respectively in 74 patients, and then these patients were divided into low (38 patients) and high level groups (36 patients) according to the serum CHE levels, compared with clinical characteristics and serum levels of LDH and β2-MG between the two groups. Results There were a significant difference in serum levels of CHE, LDH, β2-MG between the low and the high CHE level group [(3714.2 ±1207.1) U/L, (435.7±364.4) U/L, (4.3±2.9) mg/L; (7898.2± 1550.5) U/L, (247.4±134.8) U/L, (2.7±1.2) mg/L, respectively] (t =10.510, P =0.000; t =2.969, P =0.005; t =3.043, P =0.004, respectively). There were no statically significance in age, pathology type, leukocyte and platelet between the low and high serum CHE level groups (t =0.166, P =0.868; x2 =0.751, P=0.386; t =1.626, P=0.111; t =1.987, P=0.056, respectively). Patients with low CHE level group were mostly in Ann Arbor Ⅲ-Ⅳ period (x2 =9.394, P =0.024) and mostly male patients compared with the high CHE level group patients (x2 =5.432, P =0.020). The quantity of hemoglobin in the low CHE level group(97.6±25.8) g/L were lower than that of the high level group (113.4±15.2) g/L (t = 3.230, P =0.002). Conclusion The low CHE level was not correlated with age, pathology type, leukocyte and platelet, but was related with male, Ann Arbor Ⅲ-Ⅳ period, anemia, and higher expression of LDH, β2-MG.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the development status of regulatory policies of biosimilars in foreign countries,and to provide reference for perfecting biosimilars regulatory policies in China. METHODS:Comparative analysis was conducted,con-cerning biosimilar regulations and directories which had been issued by WHO,EMA and FDA,in aspects of biosimilars definition, the choice of reference drug,quality studies,non-clinical studies,clinical studies. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Three common points found in foreign regulatory policies were that:firstly,discrepancies were allowed between biosimilars and reference drugs;secondly,the comparison was itemized between biosimilars and reference drugs on safety and effectiveness,in order to guarantee the reliability of quality research;thirdly,clinical and non-clinical studies were reduced with a premise that similarity is confirmed. Given China's current situation,several parts of policies should be improved,including stressing pertinence of reference drug selec-tion,refining preclinical and clinical study directories and establishing supporting system after listing.

Head and Neck Neoplasms ; surgery ; Humans ; Robotics

Zoonoses are a class of infectious diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans. More than 200 known types of zoonoses have been reported across the world until now. Among 1 400 pathogens of human infectious diseases, approximately 61% are zoonotic origin, and 75% human emerging infectious diseases are zoonoses. These zoonoses pose a great threat to human and animal health and decrease livestock production. To effectively tackle the persistent challenges resulting from zoonoses, WHO collaborates with member governments, academia, non-governmental and charitable organizations, and regional and international partners to prevent and manage zoonotic threats and their public health, social and economic impacts. Although great success has been achieved in the management of zoonoses, there are still multiple challenges for zoonoses control in China due to environmental, climate, socioeconomic factors and antimicrobial resistance. Based on the One Health concept, the integration of modern biological, information, artificial intelligent and big data tools through multidisciplinary and multi-sectorial collaborations may facilitate the containment and elimination of zoonoses.

Objective To investigate the effect of heme oxygenase-1 ( HO-1) on brain edema in a rat model of asphyxial cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Methods Forty male SD rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 10 each) : group I sham operation; group II cardiac arrest (CA); group Ⅰ Hemin (HO-1 inducer) and group IV SnPP (HO-1 inhibitor). Asphyxial cardiac arrest and resuscitation were performed in CA, Hemin and SnPP groups (group Ⅰ ,Ⅲ, Ⅳ) . Hemin and SnPP groups received hemin 15 mg/kg intraperitoneally (IP) at 12 h before CA and SnPP K 30 μmol/kg IP at 1 h before CA respectively. The animals were sacrificed at 1 and 6 h after recovery of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) . The water content of the cortex, hippocampus and brain stem and the expression of HO-1 and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) mRNA in cortex and hippocampus ( by RT-PCR) were determined. Results Water content of cortex and hippocampus was significantly higher at 1 h after ROSC in CA and SnPP groups than in sham operation group and was significantly lower in Hemin group than in CA group. There was no significant difference in water content of brain stem at 1 and 6 h after ROSC among all 4 groups. The expression of AQP4 mRNA was significantly higher in cortex and hippocampus at 1 h after ROSC in CA and SnPP groups than in sham operation group and was significantly lower in Hemin group than in CA group.Conclusion HO-1 can reduce brain water content at early stage after cardiac arrest and resuscitation by regulating the expression of AQP4.

AIM:To investigate the influence of free hemoglobin on the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and the role of CD163 in this process.METHODS:Thirty male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups:control group(group C),atherosclerosis group(group A),atherosclerosis and hemolysis group(group P).The hemolysis and atherosclerosis animal model was established.The free hemoglobin(FHb)and MDA levels in plasma,(RAAPIs)and intima area/midmembrane area(I/M)of each group were measured.The expressions of CD163 and heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)in atherosclerosis plaques in group A and P were detected and measured by means of immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.RESULTS:Compared with group C,the FHb,MDA,CD163 and HO-1 in group A and group P increased significantly(P0.05).The FHb level in plasma and the expressions of CD163 and HO-1 in atherosclerotic plaques correlated with each other(r=0.526,r=0.498,r=0.653;P

Objective To assess the removal efficiency of bacteria by water purifiers using different purifying materials. Methods The bacterial removal effectiveness of 7 types of commercially available water purifiers was tested using the National Standard Methods. Results Apart from one type using a single activated-carbon filtering material, the bacteria removal effectiveness of the other 6 types of water purifiers met the requirements of water purification device according to the rated treated-water-capacity conditions. Conclusion The removal efficiency of bacteria by water purifiers made from different filtering materials was different. Bacteria elimination effectiveness of a single-filtering material was lower and it is inversely proportional to its water-treating capacity. Water purifiers using multiple-purifying materials gave better removal efficiency of bacteria.

Objective To evaluate the hemorrheological changes after tourniquet deflation.Methods Twenty rabbits were subjected to lower extremity tourniquet inflation for 3 h. Venous blood samples were taken before tourniquet inflation and 2min after tourniquet deflation for measurement of hemorrheological parameters: low-shear viscosity and high-shear viscosity of whole blood; plasma high-shear viscosity , hematocrit; fibrinogen; aggreability,deformability and stiffness of erythrocyte; and blood sedimentation K value. The levels of parameters before tourniquet inflation served as baseline values. The gastrocnemius muscle samples were taken before tourniquet inflation and 5 min after torrniquet deflaion for observation of ultrastructure of small blood vessel.Results Compared with the baseline values, the levels of low- and high- shear viscosities of whole blood, plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, blood sedimentation K value, and aggreability and stiffness of erythrocyte increased significantly (P

Ricin is a plant-derived ribosome-inhibitor which can be easily purified in large quantities from castor beans. It is a potent irreversible inhibitor of protein synthesis. The mode of intoxication could be inhalation, ingestion, intravenous injection.Ricin has been classified as a schedule 1 threat agent by the Chemical Weapons Convention.A fast and sensitive method for the detection of this threat agent is an important tool for preventing or dealing with the consequences of intoxication. An ideal method should be highly sensitve, highly selective, and well capable of identifying ricin in a short assay time. Several methods have been established for ricin detection. This review summaries the development of detection methods for ricin in recent years.

Lenalidomide is an oral immunomodulator with multiple functions including immune regulation, anti-tumor, and regulation of tumor microenvironment. Since the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved lenalidomide for the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma, recent studies have indicated that lenalidomide monotherapy or lenalidomide combinations in other types of lymphoma also has broad prospects. The treatment progress of lenalidomide in lymphoma will be summarized in this paper based on the new reports in the 57th American Society of Hematology (ASH) annual meeting.