Owing to the specific distribution and pathology of intracranial giant aneurysm, the parent artery must frequently be interdicted. In order to avoid cerebral ischemia, many neurosurgeons create effective techniques of extracranial intracranial artery bypass(EIAB) for the treatment of intracranial giant aneurysm. In this review, the author summarized advances in the application of EIAB for the treatment of intracranial giant aneurysm.

Objective To study the impact of temperature, light, nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and microcystin-LR production of Microcystis aeraginosa strain under laboratory conditions. Methods M.aeraginosa strain was cultivated in BG-11 medium. Growth was determined by counting cell, while microcystin-LR was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results M.aeraginosa strain had a biggest growth rate at temperature of 25 ℃ and light intensity of 3 000 lx, while microcystin-LR production contents reached maximum at 20 ℃ and 5 000 lx respectively. Under the phosphorus-fixed condition, M. aeraginosa amount and mircrocystin-LR content increased by nitrogen concentration and reached the peak when the nitrogen concentration was 650.0 ?mol/L. But higher concentration of nitrogen could probably restrain the cell growth and toxin production. Under the nitrogen-fixed condition, M. aeraginosa strain grew slowly at phosphorus concentration of 1.43 ?mol/L, but had a higher growth rate when phosphorus concentration was 6.50 ?mol/L. No significant change was found with the increase of phosphorus concentration. And almost similar contents of microcystin-LR produced by M. aeraginosa were observed at different phosphorus concentrations. Positive correlations between total microcystin-LR concentrations and chlorophyll-a contents and M. aeraginosa cell densities were found. Conclusion The optimum conditions for growth and toxin production of M. aeraginosa are not the same. Phosphorus is a probable limitation nutrient factor, and a low concentration will satisfy the growth and toxin production of M. aeraginos. The N∶P atomic ratio at 100∶1 was determined as the optimum for growth and toxin production. The total microcystin-LR concentration can be forecasted by M. aeraginosa cell density or chlorophyll-a content.

ObjectiveTo study the diagnosis and trea tm ent of bilateral renal angiomyolipomas.MethodsThe clin ic data of 13 cases of bilateral renal angiomyolipoms were reviewed.There were 2 male and 11 female patients with an average age of 42.Preoperative ultrasonogra phy and CT scanning have been undertaken in all.Renal angiomyolipoma was diagnos ed in 11 and cancer nodules could not be ruled out in the other 2.Unilateral and bilateral renal sparing surgerys were carried out in 5 and 8 cases respectively .ResultsAll cases were examined with rapid frozen sect ion analysis at operations.The renal function of all the patients except 1 was n ormal after operation except 1 with a temporary rise in Scr (350 ?mol/L).The pa tients have been followed up 1 to 4 years after discharging from hospital and th e renal function became normal in all.No recurrence was found.Conc lusionsUltrasonography and CT are important methods to diagnose ang iomyolipoma with specific manifestations.Rapid frozen section analysis at operat ions is helpful to diagnose and to choose the correct surgical technique.Attenti on should be paid to reserve the renal tissues as much as possible and renal fun ction should be protected properly.

Objective To explore the imaging features of pediatric splenic primary solitary tumor. Methods The medical imaging appearances of 6 children with splenic primary solitary tumor conifrmed by surgery and pathology from January 2010 to August 2015 were retrospectively studied. The related literatur were reviewed. Results In 6 children, 2 children of cystic lesions, ultrasound showed anechoic mass, CT scan showed low density mass, without change after contrast, pathologically conifrmed as congenital cyst;2 children’s ultrasound showed solid echo, color Doppler ultrasound explored the blood lfow signals, contrast CT showed the lower strength around the splenic parenchyma, pathologically conifrmed as splenic lymphangioma;one child’s unltrasound showed echo mass with rich signals of blood lfow, MRI scans showed T1WI, T2WI and other signals of lumps, with little homogenity after contrast, pathologically conifrmed as splenic hamartoma;one child’s ultrasound cannot distinguish tumor boundaries, contrast CT scan showed concentric filling reinforcement, pathologically confirmed as hemangioma. Conclusion Splenic primary solitary tumor in children is rare. There are no speciifc clinical characteristics. The image ifndings can deifne the locations and help the differential diagnosis. The ifnal diagnosis depends on pathology.

Objective To evaluate the sonography features of heptaobiliary involvement of pediatric Langerhans′cell histiocytosis ( LCH) . Methods Nine pediatric patients with LCH confirmed by the clinical presentation ,biochemical tests and pathologic results of our hospital were retrospectively analyzed . Results Eight patients were seen in multi‐system LCH ,while one patient only had liver involved . All patients showed varying hepatomegaly with multiple distributed lesions in ultrasound images . According the lesion distribution features ,they could be classified into three types:central type(6/9) ,peripheral type(1/9) and diffuse type(2/9) . In ultrasonography ,they manifested as linear lesions alongside the central portal veins , multi‐nodular and randomly distributed lesions in liver parenchyma ,or both of them . Eight bile‐duct involved patients behaved with unevenly thicked bile‐duct walls ,stenosis or dilated bile‐ducts ,and even sclerosing cholangitis , some of them with cholelithiasis . Conclusions Pediatric LCH patients with heptobiliary involved are seemed mainly in multi‐system LCH ,while it is rare but possible that pathological Langerhans′cell only infringe on liver and bile‐ducts . The ultrasound imaging findings of pediatric LCH liver infiltration are with characteristic and are helpful for the early diagnosis and clinical procedure .

Objective To investigate the salty, efficacy and feasiblify on eholedochotomy with endobiliary drainage and prumary closure of the common bile duct. Methods There were 20 partients without introhepatic or re-tained stones and biliary stricture underwent common bile duet exploration. 20 of them with endobiliary tube drainage and primary CBD closure and the other 20 patients with T tube drainage. Results The average of the time to return routine home was (9. 2 ±1. 3)d, (15. 2 ± 3.6) d(P < 0. 01). The hospital expense of postoperation was (3 252± 312)Yuan,(4 116±388)Yuan(P<0.01). Conclusion Choledochotomy with endobiliary catheter and primary closure of CBD is a safe, effective and feasible procedure for the management of choledochohthiasis.

AIM: To assess the impact of weaver gene on neuronal development,protein expression and vitality. METHODS: DNA encoding the wild-type and mutant ion channel was introduced into immortalized tyrosine hydroxylase-positive CNS-derived neurons named CAD(Cath.a-differentiated,a variant of Cath.a. Cath.a was established by targeted oncogenesis in transgenic mice) cells. DNA clone, immunostaining and Western blotting were used. Three different concentrations (0 25 mg/L, 0 5 mg/L, or 1 0 mg/L) of Girk2 and wv Girk2 expression plasmids were transfected into the CAD cells. The number of transfected cycling cells, protein synthesis and neurites growth were observed between two groups. RESULTS: The number of transfected cycling CAD cells with high concentration of wv Girk2 reduced to about 60%, compared to Girk2-transfected cells. Low concentration of wv Girk2 did not cause cell death but reduced the protein production of transfected genes. Neurite growth was also affected by wv Girk2. MK-801 and Kir2.3 altered the effect of wv Girk2. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that wv Girk2 functions as a blocker in weaver animals, which blockes the wv Girk2 channel to rescue the cells from death. Our data also suggest that the presence of channels and the level of wv Girk2 may have a significant impact on the fate of cells containing wv Girk2.

Objective To investigate a rational treatment for severe gallstone pancreatitis(SGP) and evaluate therapeutic effect.Methods A retrospective study was made on the clinical data of 97 cases with SGP.(Results) Among 97 SGP patients,54 cases were in severe grade I, 43 cases were Grade II;77(79.4%) cases were cured and 20(20.6%)died.The morbidity rates of endoscopic therapy(EST),delayed surgery and early surgery were 24.1%,25.0% and 65.5% respecticely,while the mortality rates in the 3 groups were 10.3%,13.9% and 37.5% respectively.The morbidity and morality rates in the first 2 groups were significanty lower than the early surgery group(P

Background The characteristics of eye movement waveforms in congenital nystagmus eyes is so complicated that the time-series waveform can hardly demonstrate the oscillational kinetic property of the eye movement of nystagmus,which is not convenient for the clinical diagnosis and evaluation.The eye movement system is a nonlinear feedback control system,and phase portrait analysis is a useful method in describing the characteristics of movement in a nonlinear system.Objective This study was to establish the phase portrait analysis method of the eye movement waveforms in congenital nystagmus eyes and provide a new technique for the clinical diagnosis and evaluation of congenital nystagmus.Methods A prospective series-case observational study was performed.This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by Ethic Commission of Tianjin Eye Hospital.Written informed consent was obtained from each patient before examination.Twenty-five patients with congenital nystagmus were enrolled and received examination of video-oculography (VOG) in Tianjin Eye Hospital from April 2012 to February 2013,including 12 patients with congenital motor nystagmus (CMN) and 13 patients with latent nystagmus (LN).The VOG data were format-converted and processed by a Matlab routine.VOG-based phase portraits of eye movement cycles were drawn and related parameters were measured from the phase portraits for further analysis and comparison.Main measurement indexes were cycle position shift (CPS),slow phase peak velocity (SPV),standardized slow-phase peak (SSPV),fast phase peak velocity (FPV) and standardized fast-phase peak velocity (SFPV).Two principal types of waveforms,increasing-velocity type and decreasing-velocity type were compared.Results The phase portraits of the waveforms of congenital nystagmus were cycles of reciprocating trajectories.The slow phases were in dense ribbon region,and the fast phases were in sparse annular region,and all the trajectories travelled in clockwise.The CPS,SPV and FPV of increasing-velocity type were (4.646 ± 1.565),(223.821 ± 114.049),(767.481 ±263.560) ° per second,respectively.The CPS,SPV and FPV of decreasing-velocity type were (9.373 ±4.189),(357.531 ± 154.300) and (1 148.706 ±541.362) ° per second,respectively.The SPVs and FPVs of both increasing-velocity type and decreasing-velocity type showed strong correlation with CPS,respectively (the increasing-velocity type:rSPV-CPS =0.685,P=0.000;rFPV-CPS =0.680,P=0.000;the decreasing-velocity type rSPV-CPS =0.783,P =0.000;rFPV-CPS =0.803,P =0.000).FPVs were significantly larger than SPVs in both types of waveforms (t =6.558,P =0.000;t =5.068,P =0.000).The SSPV of increasing-velocity type was (48.062 ± 15.365) ° per second,which was slightly larger than (41.099± 17.027) ° per second of decreasing-velocity type,with no significant difference between them (t=1.070,P=0.296).The SFPV of increasing-velocity type was (171.186±47.825)° per second,which was larger than (125.317-±38.266)° per second of decreasing-velocity type,showing a significant difference between them (t =2.658,P =0.014).Conclusions Phase portraits can visualize the cyclically dynamic features of congenital nystagmus in a direct way.It facilitates the measurement of eye movement amplitude,speed and other parameters.The phase portrait analysis method provides a novel useful tool in the clinical diagnosis and treatment efficacy evaluation of congenital nystagmus.

Objective To investigate nursing interns’knowledge and attitude towards needle stick injury before clinical practice.Methods In 20-23 June,2015,nursing interns who were about to start clinical practice in a hospi-tal were investigated,nursing interns’knowledge and attitude towards needle stick injury were surveyed through questionnaire.Results A total of 350 questionnaires were distributed,324 (92.57%)responded questionnaires were available.40(12.35%)questionnaires were responded by male interns,and 284(87.65%)were by female in-terns;34(10.49%)interns had bachelor degree;the mean age of interns were (20.83 + 1 .24)years old.The correct answer rates about questions related to injury occurring during needle recapping and wearing gloves were low (about 60%).About 70% of the interns gave the correct answers to questions about hepatitis B infection due to needle stick injury following hepatitis B vaccination,as well as medication after injury.Score for individual question about attitude towards needle stick injury was ≤3,the major related problems were susceptibility of blood borne diseases and recapping needles.Conclusion Needle stick injury-related knowledge and attitude among nursing interns is inadequate,including recapping needles,timely report,susceptible to infectious diseases,and so on.It is necessary for schools and teaching hospitals to strengthen the education about occupational protection among nursing interns, so as to improve the attitude and ability of professional protection.