The incidence,location,shape and size of enmel pearls on l2379 extracted teeth were ob- served in this article. The results are as follow:The morbidlty of the enamel pearls is 2.49%.The most freguent morbidity is on the maxillary third molar,the second is on the mandible first molar.The freguent location is on the bifurcation of crown-cervical. The enamel pearls on maxillary molar often round and on the mandible molar are fusiform.The maximun diameter of enamel is 3.2mm,the minnimum is 0.5mm.,and its average diameter is 1.56mm. The author suggested that enmel pearls is one teind of developmental variations of tooth morphology,and it may be important influence on the pathogenesis,development,treatment and prognosis of the periodental diseases.

It is the purpose of this study to examine the prevalence and distribution of cementicles on different root surfaces of 524 extracted human teeth. The results are as follows:185 teeth had cementicles and the morbidity accouted for 35% of the sum total of investigation. Cementicles were seen on approximately over 50% of the canines and molars and fewer than 50% of the other teeth.On canines,cementicles were found most frequently in the mid- dle and apical thirds of the roots.On molars,cemwnticles were found frequently in furcations. A relationship with the presence of enamel projections at the cementenamel junction in molar furcations was noted.The findings suggested that cementicles frequent occurrance in certain locations be of grear clinical importance to periodontal diseases.

In this article, 100 maxilla samples of the Kunming area werc takcn for observing the suborbital foramen and infraorbital canal and their relative data. The purpose of this investigation was to provide an anatomical basis for the clinical block anesthesia of the infraorbital nerve and its branches. The results show that 93％ of the suborbital foramen is an oval-shaped mono-foramen and 7％ has a paraforamen, their exact positions on the maxilla being measured. The vertical diameter of the suborbital foramen averages 5.83mm, and the transverse one 3.05ram. The average value of the vertical diameter of the infraorbital canal is 11mm, its anterior part axis toward inferior, anterior and interior. 66% of infraorbital canals can be passed through smoothly by a ~#6 hypodermic needle, 12％ with reistance and 22％ can not be passed through.

AlM: To analyze the effect of corneal limbus stem cell transplantation and amniotic membrane transplantation in treatment of recurrent pterygium with symblepharon.
METHODS:Totally 80 cases of patients with recurrent pterygium and symblepharon were randomly divided into pterygium resection combined with limbal stem cell transplantation group and pterygium excision with amniotic membrane transplantation group, 40 cases in each group. All patients were followed up for 6mo after the operation, the recurrence rate of pterygium and symblepharon were observed.
RESULTS:There were 2 cases of recurrence in the group of corneal limbus stem cell transplantation (5%), 8 cases of recurrence in the group of amniotic membrane transplantation (20%), with statistical difference between two groups (P<0. 05).
CONCLUSlON:Two kinds operation could significantly reduce the recurrence rate of recurrent pterygium, but the corneal limbus stem cell transplantation group has the lower recurrence rate.

BACKGROUND: Modern medicine has not completely clarified the pathogenesis of diabetic gastroparesis, and Weidong Kang may have certain efficacy.OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of Weidong Kang on diabetic gastroparesis, and compare with the efficacy of Motilium.DESIGN: A case-controlled observation.SETTINGS: Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Normal University; Chongqing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine.PARTICIPANTS: Sixty outpatients and inpatients with diabetic gastroparesis were selected from the Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Normal University and Chongqing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine from April 2001 to December 2005. They were randomly divided into two groups: ① treatment group (n =30): 20 males and 10 females; 31-58 years of age, the disease courses ranged from 0.5 to 26 years; ② control group (n =30): 18 males and 12 females; 30-69 years of age, the disease courses ranged from 0.5 to 20 years. Informed contents were obtained from all the subjects.METHODS: In the treatment group, the patients were treated with oral Weidong Kang decoction, three times a day,30 mL per time; Weidong Kang decoction consisted of official magnolia bark, immature bitter orange, betel nut, rhubarb,Chinese thorowax root, largehead atractylodes rhizome, dendrobium stem, 100 mL/bottle, containing 100 mg crude drug,provided by the Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine). In the control group, the patients with treated with Motilium, three times a day, 10 mg per time. All the patients were treated for four weeks as a course. The scores of dyspeptic symptoms and the time of gastric semi-emptying of liquid (T/2) were observed, the efficacy, the score of quality of life (QOL) and safety were evaluated before and after treatment.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Scores of dyspeptic symptoms; Time of gastric semi-emptying of liquid (T/2); Evaluation of efficacy; score of QOL; Safety.RESULTS: All the 60 patients with diabetic gastroparesis were involved in the analysis of results. ① Amelioration of dyspeptic symptoms: After treatment, the scores of dyspeptic symptoms an total score were all obviously lower than those before treatment in both groups (P ＜ 0.01), the scores of epigastric satiety, nausea and vomiting, decreased appetite and epigastric pain in the treatment group were all obviously lower than those in the control group (P ＜ 0.05-0.01). ② Clinical efficacy: The total effective rate in the treatment group was obviously higher than that in the control group [90.0% (27/30); 73.3% (22/30), P ＜ 0.05]. ③ Time of gastric semi-emptying of liquid (T/2): In the treatment group,it was obviously ameliorated after treatment as compared with that before treatment (P ＜ 0.01). ④ Amelioration of QOL by symptom frequency-36 health survey (SF-36): In the treatment group, the scores of general health, somatic pain,vigor and mental health after treatment were obviously higher than those before treatment (P ＜ 0.05). In the control group, the scores of general health and mental health after treatment were obviously higher than those before treatment (P ＜ 0.05). ⑤ Evaluation of safety: In the treatment, there were no obvious differences in the blood and urine routine examinations, liver function and kidney function before and after treatment (P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: Weidong Kang is an effective and safe drug for alleviating dyspeptic symptoms in patients with diabetic gastroparesis.

ObjectiveTo analyse the changes of electrolytes and electrolyte disturbances within 72 h in asphyxia neonates. MethodsTwenty-three severe-asphyxia neonates (asphyxia group) and 27 mildasphyxia neonates(control group) were selected.Venous blood samples of 2 ml were drawn at 0-24 h, 25-48h and 49-72 h respectively. The changes of electrolytes(such as plasma sodium, potassium, chlorine,calcium and magnesium) and the incidence of hyponatremia,hypokalemia,hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesemia were compared between two groups. ResultsThe levels of plasma sodium, calcium at 0-24 h, 25-48 h and 49-72 h in asphyxia group were lower than those in control group (P ＜ 0.05). The levels of plasma magnesium at 25-48 h and 49-72 h in asphyxia group were lower than those in control group (P ＜ 0.05 ), but there was no significant difference at 0-24 h (P ＞ 0.05 ). The levels of plasma potassium at 49-72 h in asphyxia group was lower than that in control group(P＜ 0.05). There were no obvious changes in plasma chlorine, phosphorus in two groups (P＞0.05). Hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypocalcaemia was happened within 72 h in asphyxia neonates especially at 25-48 h, but hypomagnesemia was more at 25-48 h and 49-72 h. ConclusionElectrolyte disturbances can appear not only in 24 h, but also in different periods after asphyxia, therefore, it is necessary to maintain homeostasis by taking corresponding measures according to the changes of blood gas and the changes of electrolytes.

Objective The changing patterns of pathogenic isolates and antibiotic susceptibility in Chongqing's neonates between 2010 and 2015 were investigated for the purpose to provide evidence for rational use of antibiotics and control of nosocomial infections.Methods The distribution of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility were analyzed.Identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were carried out using BD Phoenix 100 automated system and the conventional Kirby-Bauer method.The results were interpreted in accordance with the breakpoints of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.Results A total of 10 569 pathogenic bacterial strains were isolated during the period,most of which were gram-negative bacteria (80.8 ％,8 540/10 569),primarily Klebsiella pneumoniae (29.3 ％),followed by Escherichia coli (16.7 ％),Acinetobacter baumanmii (9.9 ％),Enterobacter cloacae (8.6 ％) and Pseudornonas aeruginosa (3.3 ％).Gram-positive strains accounted for 14.1％ (1 490/10 569),mainly Staphylococcus aureus (7.8％),Staphylococcus epidermidis (2.2 ％),and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (1.8 ％).Imipenem and meropenem showed high activity against Enterobacteriaceae (＜ 10％ resistant),followed by P.aeruginosa (＞ 10 ％ resistant),and A.baumannii (＞20％ resistant).The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant strains was 8,4 ％ in K.pneumoniae and 2.9 ％ in E.coli isolates,No gram-positive isolates were resistant to vancomycin,teicoplanin or linezolid.Conclusions K.pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated pathogen in the neonates treated in Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.The prevalence of A.baumannii isolates is increasing.Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains are emerging.

Objective To understand the dynamic endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Nanjing City,2015,so as to pro-vide evidences for policy-making of schistosomiasis control. Methods According to The National Scheme of Schistosomiasis Surveillance(2014),the endemic situation of schistosomiasis was monitored in 11 national surveillance sites in Nanjing. Re-sults The positive rates of serological(IHA)and stool examinations were 2.97%(97/3269)and 0 for local residents,and 0.52%(12/2298)and 0 for migrant people,respectively. No schistosome-infected livestock was found. Totally 147.2953 hm2 area with Oncomelania hupensis snails were found,but no schistosome-infected snails were discovered. Conclusions The en-demic situation of schistosomiasis declines greatly in Nanjing City in 2015. However,the control work still should be strength-ened to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis control.

Objective To analyze and summarize the characteristics of Dyskeratosis congenita(DC)in Chinese children,so as to provide reference for early diagnosis and reasonable prevention and treatment of DC.Methods The data collected from 43 cases with DC in the domestic literature in recent 10 years,as well as the clinical data of 2 cases with DC treated at Tongji Hospital,Medical School,Tongji University,and a total of 45 cases with DC were analyzed and compared with those reported in the literatures of foreign countries.Results Based on the detailed data of 2 typical cases at Tongji Hospital,Medical School,Tongji University,and the data of 45 cases in China were summarized,so the major differences in the main characteristics of DC between Chinese Children and the foreigners were as follows:(1)Onset were earlier(mean age 4.5 years,median age of 3 years),but the diagnosis was delayed(mean age of 17.9 years,median age of 18 years).(2)The presence of skin pigmentation,nail lesions and mucosal leukoplakia,such as the proportion of the complete DC triad was higher(42/45 cases,93.3％).(3)There was an earlier onset of hematopoietic suppression(mean age 5.6 years).(4)Telomerase related gene mutation types were relatively minor,DKC1(7 cases)and TINF2(6 cases)were reported in recent years,and no other type of mutation was found.(5)Effective therapy of hematopoietic reconstitution was administered in 2 cases after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT).The effective rates were about 70％(7/10 cases)in treating bone marrow failure with low dose androgen and low dose glucocorticoid.Conclusions DC is very common in infants in China,the clinical manifestations of triad are more typical,but the age of diagnosis was significantly delayed.Improving the understanding of DC and combination with the detection of related gene mutation may improve the early diagnosis rate and clinical efficacy with allo-HSCT or effective drug maintenance therapy,and also provide reference for propitious familial eugenics and prenatal examination.

Objective:To prepare nevirapine nanosuspensions ( Nev-NS) and study the pharmacokinetics in rats. Methods:Nev-NS was prepared by a high pressure homogenization technology. The particle size, PDI and Zeta potential of the nanosuspensions were used as the indices to determine the influencing factors in the preparation process. Nevirapine plasma concentration was detected by HPLC and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by 3P97 software. Results: The particle size, PDI and Zeta potential of Nev-NS was (456. 1 ± 72. 1) nm, 0. 441 ± 0. 072 and ( -24. 4 ± 4. 7) mV, respectively. AUC0-12 of Nev and Nev-NS was (7. 57 ± 0.52) and (11.72 ±1.83) mg·h·L-1, t1/2 was (2.45 ±0.31) and (3.16 ±0.39) h, Tmax was (1.43 ±0.38) and (1.61 ± 0. 32) h and Cmax was (1. 62 ± 0. 42) and (3. 15 ± 0. 52) mg·L-1 , respectively. Conclusion:Nev-NS can improve the pharmacoki-netic behavior of Nev in rats significantly, and obviously enhance the bioavailability when compared with nevirapine suspensions.