Object To investigate clinical features,surgical strategy and prognostic factors of bone metastasis from thyroid cancer.Methods A total of 46 patients with bone metastasis from thyroid cancer,who had undergone surgical treatment from January 1999 to July 2011 and had complete follow-up data,were enrolled in this retrospective study.There were 20 males and 26 females,aged from 40 to 87 years (average,56.87 years).Forty two (91.3％) cases of metastatic lesion located in axial skeleton,while 4 (8.7％) in limbs.The tumor histology type was well-differentiated in 35 patients and poorly differentiated in 11 cases.Nineteen patients (41.3％) had an isolated metastatic bone lesion,while other 27 patients (58.7％) had multiple lesions.Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Cox regression model were performed to identify prognostic factors among 19 factors including gender,age,tumor subtype,number of bone metastasis,site of bone metastasis,visceral metastasis,skeletal-related events,timing of metastasis,whether metastatic lesion was detected when thyroid cancer was diagnosed,whether thyroid surgery was performed,whether 131Ⅰ therapy was performed,whether chemotherapy or radiotherapy were performed,preoperative general condition (good or poor),surgical type (excisional surgery or palliative surgery),characteristics of metastatic lesion (osteolytic or mixed),intraoperative blood loss,whether measures were applied to prevent intraoperative bleeding,perioperative complications and long-term complications.Results Excisional surgery was performed in 36 patients (78.3％),while palliative surgery in other 10 patients (21.7％).The average amount of blood loss was 2603.26ml.The postoperative 5-year survival rate and 10-year survival rate were 37.3％ and 12.4％,respectively.Univariate analysis showed the significant prognostic factors include tumor subtype,number of bone metastasis,whether 131Ⅰ therapy was performed,and preoperative general condition (good or poor).Multivariate analysis showed the independent prognostic factors were number of bone metastasis (solitary or multiple) and whether 131Ⅰ therapy was performed.Conclusion For patients with bone metastasis from thyroid cancer,the prognostic factors are useful for determining indications for operation and improving treatment outcome.

Objective To explore the complications of the total elbow arthroplasty after the resection of the peri-elbow tumor. Methods Between June 1998 and June 2002, eight patients underwent total elbow arthroplasty after resection of tumors, which involved 7 males and 1 female (mean age, 42.6 years; range, 22-63 years). The patients included 1 metastasis, 1 GCT, 2 MFH, 1 osteosarcoma, 1 lymphoma, 1 desmoid fibroma, and 1 synovial sarcoma. The tumors located 3 in distal humerus, and 5 in proximal ulna. For those of the distal humerus, after the resection of the tumors, the origins and the insertions of the musculi flexors, extensor, pronators and supinators were repaired as far as possible. The application of the prothesis was relatively simple, the prosthetic stem of the distal humerus was cemented, the intercondylar notch was sawn off, but both the lateral and medial epicondyles were kept, the prothesis impacted in the notch; While for those tumors located on the proximal ulna, the stem was spiraled in the intramedullary cavity, Patients were evaluated according to the Mayo Elbow Performance Score. Results All the patients were followed up at least one year or to death (mean duration, 2.5 years). Pain scores decreased from a mean of 3.6 to 2.0. Mean elbow motion from extention to flexision arc improved from 29? to 73? (range, 55?-105?). Seven cases were excellent or good (87.5%), and only one was poor (12.5%). There were none of the complications, such as infection, incision non-union and nerve injury. All patients without local recurrence as well. The X-ray didn't reveal any sign of loosening or breakage for the artificial elbow joint. Conclusion Total elbow arthroplasty after resection of tumors can decrease the pain and improve the function substantially. For metastatic tumors, this technique can be also used to alleviate symptom if there is no other good option.

Objective To investigate the expression of Smad5 gene in the cochlea and to identify its location. Methods Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed to detect the expression of Smad5, the in situ hybridization and the immunohistochemical technique were used to localize the Smad5 messenger RNA and the Smad5 protein in mouse cochlea. Results Smad5 gene expressed in cochlea at a high level. Smad5 expression was concentrated in supporting cell, hair cell, spiral ganglion, epithelium of stria vascularis and basilar membrane. Conclusion The Smad5 proteins exist in the mouse cochlea and it may be involved in the cochlear formation and the differentiation of hair cell. Smad5 might be an essential factor for the development of normal cochlea.

Objective To observe the Smad5 gene knockout and induced-changes of auditory physiology and cochlea morphology in mouse, to explore whether Smad5 gene is a new gene related to hearing function. Methods Double blind control methods were used to detect the auditory threshold of auditory brainstem responses (ABR) in the mouse of Smad5 (+/+) to Smad5(+/-) and the cochlea morphology (cochlea paraffin-cut section and basal membrane spreading section). The hair cell count was also taken. Results As shown by ABR audiometry, the average hearing of Smad5 (+/-) mouse (aged 24 weeks) is 90.63?17.65 dB (SPL) and that of Smad5(+/+) mouse is 63?19.94 dB(SPL), which are of significant difference (P0.05). Conclusion Smad5(+/-) gene knockout can cause the mouse a auditory threshold decline in moderate or severe extent. Cochlea morphology indicated that hair cells (mainly outer hair cells) in mouse cochlea basal membrane became deficient. A mechanism of Smad5 gene knockout to caused the deafness and the deficiency of hair cells remained to be further studied.

Objective:To clarify the effects of the BMP receptor inhibitor LDN-193189 in the dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS) cell line NDCS-1 and to explore the anti-tumor mechanism of LDN-193189 in DDCS. Methods:NDCS-1 was treated with 5 nmol/L of LDN-193189. MTT assay and clone formation experiments were used to verify that LDN-193189 suppressed cel proliferation. Transwel and wound healing tests were performed to demonstrate that LDN-193189 inhibited cell invasion. Western blot detection was used to show that LDN-193189 inhibited the suppression of BMPR2, p-Smad1/5, and RUNX2 protein expression. Results:The BMPR2 signaling pathway was inhibited by LDN-193189;thus, cell viability and invasion were significantly suppressed. Conclusion:LDN-193189 induces the inhibition of progression in vitro via the BMPR2-p-Smad1/5-RUNX2 signaling pathway in the human DDCS cell line NDCS-1.

Objective To evaluate the surgical procedures and both oncological and functional outcome in patients with bone tumors of the shoulder girdle.Methods Seventy-one patients including 61.pts with malignant tumor and 10 pts with giant cell tumors of the shoulder girdle treated in our department from July 1998 to July 2006 were studied retrospectively.According to the location,there were 15 pts with scapula tumor and 56 pts with proximal humeral tumor.Forty-two male pts and 29 female pts were included in this study with an average age of 36.5 years old ranging from 11.to 62 years old.Surgical procedures:forequarter amputation in 10 pts;Scapulectomy in 3 pts;Scapulectomy and artificial scapular replacement in 3pts;partial scapulectomy and proximal humerus resection with prosthetic reconstruction in 8 pts;proximal humerus resection and prosthesis replacement in 47 pts.Results Due to adequate soft tissue was preserved,the mean functional score was 28 for the pts with giant cell tumor according to MSTS functional scoring system,compared with the functional score 23 for the pts with malignant tumor because the deltoid muscle insertion was resected in the latter group.Among the thirty-seven patients with osteosarcoma,local recurrence occurred in four cases(10.8%),lung metastasis in five and bone metastasis in two.The seven patients died of disease.One patient iagnosed of malignancy in giant cell tumor died after distal metastasis.thtee patients with Ewing sarcoma died of the disease.No recurrence Wag observed in both five humeral chondrosarcoma and five scapular chondrosarcoma.Conclusion Tumot resection and proximal humeral prostbesis replacement is the optimal method for the sarcoma of shoulder girdle in term of preservation of elbow and hand function.Preservation of abductor insertion is necessary for good abduction function.The metastatic rate of proximal humeral osteosarcoma was lower than that of lower extremities.also the prognosis of oncological outcome.Intra-articular and extra-atticular tumor resection produced similar local recurrence rate in the present study,which suggested intra-articular resection may be an altemafive procedure.

Objective The patients with metastatic spinal tumors often suffered from severe back pain and spinal cord compression directly caused by tumor tissue or severe spine kyphosis.In order to treat or prevent spinal cord paralysis,decompression and stabilization should be performed on the patients with spinal pain and /or severe spinal cord compression.Methods From July1998through July2001,62patients(27women and35men)with metastatic spinal tumors had been treated at our department.Of 62patients,the thoracic vertebrae were involved in37cases,lumbar vertebrae in19and cervical vertebrae in6.Among43of 62patients who pre sented with neurological dysfunction,24patients were incompletely para plegic and the others were completely paraplegic.The fol low-up ranged from8to36months.Results Pain relief was ob-tained in58of 62patients(94%),and good neurological recovery was obtained in33of the43patients.Improved bowel and bladder function was obtained in12of 25patients who presented with bowel and blad der dysfunction.After decompression,neurological function,evaluated as Frankel grade E or D,was ob-tained in5patients whose neurological function had been evaluated as Frankel grade A or B,and other9pa-tients ex perienced a neurological recovery from Frankel grade A or B to C or D.Conclusion The time developing from neurological dysfunction to complete para plegia is the most important prognostic factor.Poor prognosis is often inevitable when complete paraplegia appeared less than48hours.Complete loss of bowel and bladder function is also a factor for poor prognosis.Decompression should be performed immedi -ately if the patient is presented with neurological dysfunction.Spinal metastasis of thyroid or breast cancer has a rela tive good prognosis.However,metastasis of lung or liver cancer is associated with a short-term survival.Neu rological function of patients with spinal metastasis at thoracic region is more difficult to recover.Com-mon motor and sensory functions are often improved earlier than bowel and bladder function.Thorough re-section of metastatic tumor and stable in ternal fixation should be performed when single vertebra is involved.Conservative tumor resection,decompression and posterior internal fixation should be performed when two or more seg ments are involved in order to alleviate paraplegia,improve spinal stability and the quality.[

Objective To anatomically reconstruct massive bone deficiency w it h prosthesis-devitalized bone composites after bone tumor resection. Methods Fr om July 1997 to December 2000, twenty-four patients with malignant bone tumor we re treated with a limb salvage procedure including wide tissue resection and rec onstruction. The resected bone were debrided of gross tumor tissues, and treated with 200 g/L saline for 30 minutes and 95% alcohol for 20 minutes, then the dev italized bone was implanted back to resection sites. Eleven diaphysis defects we re reconstructed with devitalized bone fixed with interlocked intramedullary nai ling, the other 13 defects were reconstructed with prosthesis-devitalized bone c omposites. Results The mean follow-up period was two and half years. One patient s had nonunion at the graft-host junction. There were only two patients(9%) dev eloping local recurrence in half to two years after the surgery. These indicate that this method can be accepted by the limb salvage protocol. Conclusion Prosth esis devitalized bone composite enabled surgeons to reconstruct massive bone def iciency after bone tumor resection. Compared with allografts, devitalized bone h as the following advantages: 1) This technique reduces the rate of nonunion; 2) This technique also reduces the rate of local infection; 3) This technique reduc es the cost; 4) Few absorption has been found in devitalized bone at the last fo llow up. Immersion within 200 g/L saline then after 95% alcohol provides thoroug h devitalization of tumor hosting bone.

Objective To culture human pituitary adenoma cells to provide some useful experimental foundations to practice pituitary adenoma cells as donor cells in the extracranial implantation. Methods Human pituitary adenoma cells obtained by operation were cultured in vitro, and their growth state was dynamically observed. Immunohistochemical staining and RIA were used to evaluate their functional status. Results The cultured pituitary adenoma cells still had secretory function in vitro. 6 cases of GH adenoma cells secreted a large amount of GH, 5 cases of PRL adenoma cells secreted a large amount of PRL, and 3 cases of pituitary adenoma cells without function could also secrete a small quantity of FSH, LH and PRL. Conclusion 14 cases of cultured human pituitary adenoma cells had secretory function in vitro, which provides the useful experimental data to perform extracranial implantation with pituitary adenoma cells as donor cells.

Objective To construct the bFGF/Math1 f usion gene expression vector and to investigate its expression in the cochlea of rat. Methods Using the recombinant DNA technique to construct the bFGF/Math1 gene expression vector and the restriction enzyme analysis to ide ntify the correct construction. The mRNA expression was detected by the RT-PCR m ethod after being transfected into the cochlea of rat using lipofectin reagent. Results The recombinant was correct and the bFGF/Math1 wa s expressed in the cochlea of rat.Conclusion The PRK5-bFGF-Math1 eukaryotic expression plas mid was successfully constructed and the bFGF/Math1 was expressed in the mammali an cochlea.