It has been realized that the 4Rs (repair,repopulation,redistribution,and reoxygenation) would affect the result of cell irradiation,and thus radiation treatment.The 4Rs each occurs at different dose rates,usually very low dose rates.Depending on the dose rate used for treatment,the corresponding R should be included in the linear-quadratic equation (LQ) and biological effective dose (BED) calculation.For low dose rate brachytherapy(LDR) especially permanent implant,all the 4Rs should be included in LQ for BED calculation.The 4Rs,especially repair and repopulation,play a critical role in dose fractionation.Various dose fractionation schemes such as hyperfractionation and hypofractionation are determined in consideration of the 4Rs.Stereotactic radiation therapy uses hypofractionation with high fractional doses and combine with high accuracy target localization techniques to achieve high local control rates compared to conventional dose fractionation schemes.The 4Rs have been taken into account for LDR and permanent implant.Recently,LQ for permanent implant brachytherapy has been modified to include all the 4Rs for gynecological malignancy 131Cs permanent implants.Including the 4Rs in radiation therapy has significantly improved the effectiveness and efficiency of radiation therapy for cancer treatment.

Objective To design and manufacture the injecting roll booster,by which Dipospan mix liquid is injected for treating keloid.Methods According to the principle that screw roll can save labour when it is circumvolved forward,the injecting roll booster was developed.Dipospan mix liquid(Dipospan1ml,Hyaluronidase1500U,5-Fluorouracil 2~5ml) was injected for treating keloid.Results The treatment effect of the injecting roll booster was apparently better than that of general injector.The Dipospan mix liquid and Dipospan for keloid were injected,and the total efficacies were 94.45% and 85.51% respectively.There was marked difference statistically(p

Objective To evaluate the curative effect in treatment of hepatic metastases tumor with poorly blood supply through superselective transcatheter nutrient arterial full chemoembolization.Methods 75 cases of hepatic metastases tumors with poorly blood supply were treated by full chemoembolization through superselective transcatheter nutrient arterial infusion under DSA guided.Results After treatment 2～3 months,CT scans showed that totally 202 tumors in 75 cases,the tumors were fully filled with lipiodol in 189,large part in 11 and not well in 2.159 tumors were obviously shrunk,41 tumors were shrunk part,2 tumors were not obviously shrunk.The survival rate in 6 months,12 months,24 months,36 months and 3～5 years was 100%(75/75),85.3%(64/75),55%(41/75),42.7%(32/75)and 20%(15/75)respectively.Conclusion The transcatheter superselective nutrient arterial full filling chemoembolization for hepatic metastases tumor with poorly blood supply is a effective therapy.

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)is a new technology of focal therapy for patients with hepatic carcinoma.Comparing with operation and other focal therapeutic methods (such as radiofrequency and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization) of liver cancer,HIFU is non-invasive,accurate,and definite in killing the tumor tissue with fewer complications.Thus,it is widely accepted in clinical settings and has a promising prospect.In this article,we review the mechanism and present situation of hepatic carcinoma therapy with HIFU and dicuss some clinical application and development in the future.

[Objective] To develop biomimicking chitosan scaffolds with longitudinally oriented micro-channels,and investigate their efficacy in bridging 15 mm sciatic nerve gap in rats.[Methods]Chitosan scaffolds with longitudinally oriented micro-channels were fabricated using unidirectional freezing-dry methods.The chitosan scaffolds were used to bridge 15 mm nerve defect in rats,and their efficacy in bridging nerve gap was evaluated by morphometric analysis,retrograde labeling,electrophysiological studies and behavioral analysis.[Results]The chitosan scaffolds developed in the present study showed longitudinally oriented micro-channels,which resembled the dimensions of basal lamina channels in normal nerves.Implantation of chitosan scaffold achieved axonal regeneration and functional recovery similar to autograft implantation in vivo.[Conclusion]The chitosan scaffolds have inner microstructures which resemble the basal lamina channels in normal nerves.The chitosan scaffold may be used as an alternative to autograft in bridging nerve gaps.

Objective To study the MRI manifestations of hemangioblastomas.Methods MRI data of 27 cases of hemangioblastomasproved by surgery and pathology were analyzed retrospectively.Results Hemangioblastomas were often located in hemispherium of cerebellum.All cases could be divided into three types : cyst-nodule type cyst-solid type and purely solid mass type.The large cyst and small nodule sign were characteristic manifestations of the cyst-nodule type,the signals of the fluid of the cyst were higher than that ofcerebrospinal fluid on MRI.The nodules or solid potions of the mass were showed as equal or slight long T_1 and slight long T_2 signalintensity,and were obviously enhanced.The blood vessel flow-void-sign around and inside the solid parts of the masses could be seen,and had a close relation with surrounding meninges.Conclusion MRI is a effective method in diagnosing hemangioblastomas,but the atypical cases should be differentiated from cystic astrocytoma,meningioma and metastesis.

To examine the role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) in the apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells to better understand the pathogenesis and to find new approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes, apoptosis was induced by oleic acid (OA) in INS-1 cells and the activity of GSK-3 was inhibited by LiCl. The PI staining and flow cytometry were employed for the evaluation of apoptosis. The phosphorylation level of GSK-3 was detected by Western blotting. The results showed that OA at 0.4 mmol/L could cause conspicuous apoptosis of INS-1 cells and the activity of GSK-3 was significantly increased. After the treatment with 24 mmol/L of LiCl, a inhibitor of GSK-3, the OA-induced apoptosis of INS-1 cells was lessened and the phosphorylation of GSK-3 was increased remarkably. It is concluded that GSK-3 activation plays an important role in OA-induced apoptosis in pancreatic beta-cells and inhibition of the GSK-3 activity can effectively protect INS-1 cells from the OA-induced apoptosis. Our study provides a new experimental basis and target for the clinical treatment of type-2 diabetes.
Apoptosis/*drug effects ; Cell Line ; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/*pharmacology ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/*metabolism ; Insulin-Secreting Cells/*cytology ; Oleic Acid/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation

Bone marrow mesenchyma stem cells are stem cells that occupy self-renewal and multiple differentiations into cells,which have been recognized as the optimal origin for liver cell.With an increasing number of studies addressing marrow mesenchyma stem cells,more attention has been drawn to treating liver disease using the stem cell and organ reconstruction,especially seeks for the appropriate in vitro induction system.This paper comprehensive summarized the differentiation characteristics of marrow mesenchyma stem cell under many kinds of micro environment,and explains the superiority,as well as existence question of each kind of induction condition.

Objective To research and compare the effectiveness distinction between applying exclusive salcatonin and combining salcatonin and Xianling Gubao to treat osteoporotic pain patients.Methods 84 cases of osteoporotic pain patients in our hospital from Feb.2013 to Feb.2014 were selected and divided into two groups.Patients in treatment group were received combination of salcatonin and Xianling Gubao treatment.Patients in control group received salcatonin treatment only.To apply VAS judge the pain degree of patients.The clinical performance and results were observed and recorded.The degree of satisfaction of patients was surveyed through questionnaire.Results The VAS of patients in treatment group was (2.17 ±1.02), while it was (4.26 ±1.37)in control group.There were 15 cases of excellent,and 23 cases of efficacious in treatment group and the total effective rate was 90.48%.There were 10 cases of excellent,and 19 cases of efficacious in control group and the total effective rate was 60.95%.The degree of satisfaction of patients in treatment group was 95.24%,while it was 71.43% in control group.Conclusion Combining salcatonin and Xianling Gubao has better clinical effect than applying exclusive salcatonin in treatment of patients with osteoporotic pain.The combination of them could quicken the speed of recovery and increase the degree of satisfaction of patients.