The state of scale management,structure of hierarchy,professional institutions,educational system and degree,situation of academy and cost of medical education in developed countries was summarized in this article respectively to provide reference for our medical education reform.

Inflammation reaction and immune response are in-separable in the levels of system, tissue, cell and molecule. In-flammatory immune responses ( IIR) is proposed in this paper, which is defined a moderate or abnormal system responses of in-flammatory immune related cells in responding to the internal and external environment changes of body. It is described briefly that the research progresses of inflammatory immune cells ( e. g. , macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells and B cells, etc. ) and non-inflammatory immune cells ( e. g. , glial cells, endothe-lial cells, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, synovial cells and liver cells, etc. ) , and cytokines/receptor signal transduction in-volved in IIR. Moreover, the existing problems about regulating IIR drugs clinically are summarized. It is firstly put forward that soft regulation of inflammatory immune responses ( SRIIR) is a new direction of discovery and development of new drugs for the treatment of IIR related diseases.

Recent studies demonstrate that autistic spectrum disprders children have deficits in executive functiony, particularly the function referred response inhibition. The antisaccade task provides a new tool for direct evaluation of inhibitory function and a new way to explore the character of response inhibition in children with cognitive impairment. Researchers have used the technologies of eye movement to reveal the ability of oculomotor inhibition in children with autistic spectrum disprders, which is poorer than that of normal children.

Objective To compare the spray characteristics of domestic and foreign nasal spray delivery devices for live attenuated influenza vaccine(LAIV). Methods The particle size distribution(DV10,DV50 and DV90),the proportion of droplets smaller than 10 μm and Span of atomized particles of two brands of nasal spray delivery devices at home and abroad were measured by laser diffraction method,the spray pattern[maximum diameter(D_(max)),shortest diameter(D_(min))and ovality(D_(max)/D_(min))]and spray geometry(spray angle and width)were detected by Spray view,and the comparative analysis was performed. Results There was no significant difference in DV10,DV50,DV90 particle size distribution,proportion of droplets smaller than 10 μm and Span of atomized particles between the two kinds of domestic and foreign nasal spray delivery devices[F-values of Levene's test for equality of variances were 0. 622,0. 135,3. 067,0. 212 and 0. 058,P-values were0. 434,0. 714,0. 085,0. 647 and 0. 810,and significance(two-tailed)values of equal variances assumed were 0. 439,0. 228,0. 281,0. 539 and 0. 910,respectively];D_(max),D_(min)and ovality of the spray patterns showed no significant difference[F-values of Levene's test for equality of variances were 2. 102,2. 666 and 0. 514,P-values were 0. 158,0. 114 and0. 479,and significance(two-tailed)values of equal variances assumed were 0. 651,0. 407,and 0. 160,respectively];The geometric mean ratios of spray angle and width were 0. 92 and 0. 91,respectively,which ranged from 0. 90 to 1. 11.Conclusion Both the domestic and foreign nasal spray delivery devices meet the delivery requirement of the nasal spray LAIV,which can be used for the delivery of nasal spray vaccines and drugs.

Asia ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; epidemiology ; Prevalence

Objective To assess the clinical siginificance of the cardiopulmonary resuscitator in respiratory and cardiac arrest patients by comparing the curative effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitator and bare-handed cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Methods 102 patients on the verge of the death were randomiy divided into two groups and begin to CPR in four seconds after confirmation of respiratory and cardiac arrest. Patients in group 1 were given bare-handed CPR. Patients in group 2 were given cardiopulmonary resuscitation by cardiopulmonary resuscitator. Patients in both group 1 and group 2 received lasting CPR according to the 2010 GUIDE of CPR, then we observed their self-heart-beating, self-breathing, caroid puise, expression, puplillas, ECG. Results In the group 1,the effective case was 1,the non-effcctive cases were 63,the effective rate was 1.56%. In the group 2, the effective cases were 6, the non-effective cases were 31, the effective rate was 16.21%, there was a statistically significant difference between two groups ( <0.01) . Conclusion Cardiopulmonary resuscitator has good effect in cardiopulmomary resuscitation for respiratory and cardiac arrest patients, and the effective rate is significantly higher than bare-handed CPR,so it deserves clinical promotion.

Objective To study the effect of recombinant human endostatin hormone combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for the treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods Fifty-two primary HCC patients were divided into combined group (26 patients) and control group (26 patients) by random digits table method.The patients in combined group received TACE and recombinant human endostatin hormone added in embolism emulsion.The recent curative effect,level of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),adverse reactions,recurrence rate and survival rate were compared between two groups.Results The response rate(RR) and clinical benefit rate(DCR) in combined group were 57.69％(15/26),84.62％(22/26),in control group were 34.62％(9/26),73.08％(19/26),there were significant differences (x2 =5.237,P ＜ 0.05 ; x2 =4.284,P ＜ 0.05).The 7th,14th,28th day after TACE,the level of VEGF in two groups was first increased and then a downward trend,the difference were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).The level of VEGF in combined group was significantly lower than that in control group (P＜ 0.05).The follow up rate was 94.23％(49/52),the 1-year and 2-year recurrence rate in combined group was significantly lower than that in control group (P＜ 0.05).The 2-year and 3-year survival rate in combined group was significantly higher than that in control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion With TACE plus recombinant human endostatin hormone can effectively inhibit the increase of serum VEGF level,improve curative effect and disease control rate,reduce tumor recurrence and improve survival rate.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blockers are promising therapeutic agents for patients with conventional therapy insensitive inflammatory diseases.Unfortunately,their use has been associated with an increased rate of malignancies,leukemia,psoriasis and other immune diseases. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA) is requiring stronger warnings in the prescribing information for TNF blockers. Healthcare Professionals should pay close attention to severe adverse effects of TNF blockers and drug safety.

The constitutional medical thoughts in Inner Canon of Huangdi is the foundation for TCM constitution theory, it discusses the influence of constitution on disease in detail. Constitution factors determine the disease onset or not; Constitution factors determine the tendency and character of disease. Constitution factors effect the changes of pathogenesis, the character of syndrome, the therapeutic principle and methods; Constitution factors effect the turnover and prognosis. Constitution therapies are profit to correct the partial body, preventing the development of disease and heal the disease.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of minocycline at subantimicrobial dosage in the treatment of experimentally induced periodontitis in rats.Methods: Periodontitis was induced by silk ligature technique on 4 second molars in each of 16 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats and the animals were fed with 100 g/L sucrose drink. The rats were divided into 2 groups: (1)periodontitis group without treatment;(2)treatment group, the rats with periodontitis were treated by systemic administration of minocycline at 5 mg/(kg?d).Another 8 normal rats were used as the controls. Assessment was carried out at day 28 and 56 using a number of different visual, histological and ultrastructure approaches.Visual assessment included tooth mobility(TM), gingival index(GI), and alveolar bone loss. Histological examination included monocyte effusion,resorption lacunae with osteoclasts and percentage of the periodontal collagen.The collected data were statistically analyzed using variance test.Results: Systemic administration of minocycline at subantimicrobial dosage can significantly reduce GI, TM, resorption lacunae with osteoclasts and alveolar bone loss either at day 28 or at day 56; significantly inhibited monocyte effusion and the collagen degradation in the periodontium at day 56 in rats with periodontitis. Conclusion: Minocycline at subantimicrobial dosage may decrease alveolar bone loss and osteoclasts formation in periodontium with periodontitis.