Background Neurofilament 200 (NF200) is an indirect indicator of the specific distribution of axons.It reflects the condition of the maintenance of neuronal morphology.Whether NF200 is involved in the damage of the visual pathway after retinal ischemia reperfusion injury (RIRI) should be further examined.Objective The present study was to investigate the expression of NF200 in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs),lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN),superior colliculus and visual cortex following RIRI.Methods Forty SD rats were randomized into the RIRI 1-,2-,3-,4-,6-,8-week groups,sham operation group and control group.Acute intraocular hypertension was induced in the right eye by anterior chamber perfusion of normal saline solution for 60 minutes to elevate the intraocular pressure to 110 mmHg.The animals were sacrificed at different time points for the preparation of the retina,LGN,superior colliculus and visual cortex sections.The expression of NF200 in RGCs,LGN,superior colliculus and visual cortex was assayed by immunohistochemistry.Results The expression level (A value) of NF200 in the RGCs was significantly different among the 8 groups after reperfusion (F =78.855,P =0.000),and that in the 1-week group was significantly lower than in the control group (t =36.563,P＜0.01).In the RIRI 1-week group,the expression of NF200 in the contralateral LGN in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (t =6.483,P＜0.01).In the 4-week group and 6-week group,the expression of NF200 in the contralateral LGN was significantly higher than that in the control group (t =2.904,4.313,P＜0.01).One week after RIRI,the expression of NF200 in contralateral superior celliculus in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (t =2.966,P＜0.05),and in the 2-week group,the expression of NF200 in the contralateral superior colliculus was significantly higher than that in the control group (t =7.397,P＜0.01).In the 2-week group,3-week group and 4-week group,the expression of NF200 in bilateral visual cortex was significantly higher in the experimental group than that in the control group (contralateral ∶ t =18.728,18.213,15.088,P＜0.01 ; ipsilateral ∶ t =8.690,5.704,7.805,P＜0.01).Conclusions RIRI can induce axonal damage of RGCs,contralateral LGN,superior colliculus and bilateral visual cortex neurons.

HPLC analysis was performed to study the changes in chemical composition of ginseng extracts prepared from high quality ginseng with 0, 2, 4, 8 h of steamed times. An UFLC-MS/MS multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) quantitative analysis was made to investigate the pharmacokinetic behavior differences of ginsenosides in mice ig administered of ginseng extracts with different steamed times in the negative ion mode, with Digoxin as the internal standard substance. The mice were injected with LPS to establish inflammation model after ig administration of ginseng for a week and the contents of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in mice plasma were detected by ELISA, in order to study on anti-inflammatory effects of ginseng with different steamed times. It was determined that levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly decreased in inflammation model group ig administered of ginseng extracts with 8h of steamed time. The results showed that the chemical components in ginseng changed after steaming and the components into the blood changed, correspondingly. Ginseng with steamed 8 h contributes to anti-inflammatory effects. These results provided an experimental basis for revealing the active substance basis and dose-effect relationship of ginseng on anti-inflammatory effect.
Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Ginsenosides ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Inflammation ; drug therapy ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Panax ; chemistry ; Time Factors

Humans ; Low Back Pain ; therapy ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Meridians ; Spinal Diseases ; therapy ; Vertigo ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of two methods of pigmentation on the flexural strength of dental Y-TZP/porcelain layered structure.

METHODSKaVo zirconia substructures were pigmented by dipping presintered blocks in the coloring solution VITA LL1 and LL5, and colored TZ-3YS zirconia substructures were fabricated by adding pigments before isostatic pressing. The colors No.1 and No.5 were used for the test. The specimens were made in monolithic or bilayered forms, and the flexural strength was tested. XRD and SEM with EDX were used to analyze the characteristics of the surface structure.

RESULTSIn KaVo group, no significant differences were found in the flexural strength between white and LL1 and LL5 colored monoclinic materials, nor in bilayered structures. While in TZ-3YS group, significant differences were noted in the flexural strength between color No.5 white and color No.1 monoclinic materials, but not between the latter two subgroups. The flexural strength was significantly lowered by veneering with porcelain in both zirconia groups, and similar findings were observed with the monoclinic materials. Only the tetragonal phase was detected in both of the zirconia groups.

CONCLUSIONPigmentation has no apparent effects on the bonding strength between the veneering porcelain and zirconia. Both coloring methods are appropriate when the concentration of the pigments is under deliberate control.

Dental Bonding ; Dental Materials ; Dental Porcelain ; chemistry ; Dental Stress Analysis ; Dental Veneers ; Materials Testing ; Pigmentation ; Tensile Strength ; Yttrium ; chemistry ; Zirconium ; chemistry

Objective To study the changes of plasma normetanephrine(NMN) and metanephrine(MN) during the resection of adrenal pheochromocytoma. Methods Fourteen patients with adrenal pheocromocytoma and 9 patients with adrenal cortex tumor were recruited in our study. Blood samples were obtained at these time points: after anesthesia induction,the beginning of incision of skin, when exploring the tumor,resection of the tumor, and the end of anesthesia. The NMN and MN were determined by high performance liquid chromatogram (HPLC). Results NMN were obviously different among 5 time points in the patients with adrenal pheocromocytoma (P0.05). No significant difference was found between NMN and MN in the patients with adrenal cortex tumor. Conclusion NMN has markedly changed during the resection of adrenal pheochromocytoma, while MN has been relatively stable. The anesthesia induction and exploring of the tumor are the key of a successful operation. MN is the stable index in the diagnosis of adrenal pheochromocytoma.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical significance of resection of the pancreatic capsule and anterior layer of transverse mesocolon in radical gastrectomy.

METHODSBetween January 2007 and July 2008, a total of 213 gastric cancer patients enrolled in the study. These patients were randomly assigned into two groups: 105 in group R and 108 in group N. Only in group R were the pancreatic capsule and anterior layer of transverse mesocolon resected during radical gastrectomy. The pancreatic capsule and anterior layer of transverse mesocolon were histologically analyzed for metastasis. The data including blood loss during operations, number of dissected lymph nodes and postoperative complications were analyzed in both groups.

RESULTSThere were no significant differences between the two groups in blood loss during operation and postoperative complications, but the differences in operation time and number of dissected lymph nodes between the two groups were significant. Metastases to the pancreatic capsule and/or anterior layer of transverse mesocolon were diagnosed in nine (8.6%) patients of group R. The metastases to the pancreatic capsule and/or anterior layer of transverse mesocolon were found to be associated with tumor invasion depth, anterior or posterior gastric wall, clinical staging and perigastric lymph node metastasis extent (P<0.05), but not with age, gender, tumor location, size, Borrmann type and pathological classification (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONSResection of pancreatic capsule and anterior layer of transverse mesocolon in group R does not increase postoperative complications in comparison with group N. The resection is beneficial to the patients with advanced gastric cancer staging relatively late because of potential metastasis to pancreatic capsule and anterior layer of transverse mesocolon.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Colon, Transverse ; Female ; Gastrectomy ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Mesocolon ; surgery ; Middle Aged ; Pancreas ; surgery ; Stomach Neoplasms ; surgery

· AIM:To study whether autophagy and paraptosis were activated in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after acute high intraocular pressure (lOP) in an experimental rat model and to explore the possible underlying mechanisms.· METHODS:A total of 50 male Sprague-Dawley (SD)rats were randomly divided into normal control group,and 3d,1,4,8wk group after acute elevated intraocular pressure(IOP) (n =10 per group).Acute intraocular hypertension model was established by anterior chamber perfusion of normal saline in the right eye.The expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) was measured by immumofluorescence method.To determine whether autophagy and paraptosis were activated.Retinal sections were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Autophagosomes and cytoplasmic vacuoles in the cytoplasm of RGCs were measured.· RESULTS:TEM analysis revealed that double-and multiple-membrane vacuoles containing electron-dense materials of autophagosomes were found in RGCs.The number of autophagosomes per 50μ m2 were 0.79 ± 0.43,2.14±0.36,2.29±0.47,1.57±0.51 and 1.21±0.43 in the normal control group and in acute IOP group at 3d,1wk,4wk,8wk,respectively.The number of autophagosomes markedly increased in the cytoplasm of RGCs at 3d,1wk,4wk,8wk groups than those in the normal control group (all at P＜ 0.05).LC3 positive expression was rarely detected in ganglion cell layer (GCL) in the normal control group and percentage of LC3 positive cells was 15.90％.Immumofluorescence analysis showed that the percentage of LC3 positive cells statistically increased in acute lOP groups when compared with control group (P＜0.05).The number of RGCs per 200μm in each group of acute lOP injury significantly decreased compared with the normal control group (P ＜ 0.05).Cytoplasmatic vacuolization were observed in RGCs at 3d after acute lOP injury and lasting to 8wk.TEM also revealed that a large number of cytoplasmic vacuoles were derived predominantly from the progressive swelling of mitochondria and/or endoplasmic reticulum (ER).· CONCLUSION:Autophagy and paraptosis participate in the death of RGCs under transiently elevated intraocular pressure.Different types of programmed cell death (PCD),coexistence of multiple cell death forms or a single cell death form,participates in the pathogenesis of acute elevation of intraocular pressure.

Objective To investigate whether paraptosis and autophagy have an effect on acute retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) in an experimental rat model that recapitulates features of acute hypertensive glaucoma and to explore the possible underlying mechanisms.Methods A total of 30 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into RIRI group and control group.The acute RIRI model was induced with normal saline in the right eye of rats from the RIRI group by anterior chamber perfusion,while the rats in the control group left untreated.On day 1,day 3,day 7,day 28 after RIRI model establishment,the changes in morphology of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM),and the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) was measured by immumofluorescence methods.Results When compared with the control group,the number of cytoplasmic vacuoles predominantly derived from the progressive swelling of mitochondria and/or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in RGCs were increased in the RIRI group from day 1 to day 28 by TEM.And ultra-structural analyses showed the double-or multiple-membrane autophagosomes were markedly accumulated in the cytoplasm of RGCs following acute RIRI.The average number of autophagic vacuoles in the cytoplasm of RGCs was 0.79 per 50 μm2 in the control group,and the average number of autophagosomes reached to a maximum on day 7 after acute RIRI at 2.29 per 50 μm2,which was statistically significant compared with the control group (P ＜ 0.05).Compared to the control group,LC3 expression in the cytoplasm of RGCs was up-regulated on day 1 after acute RIRI,which sustained throughout the experimental period.The percentage of LC3 positive cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer was 15.90％ in the control group,and the data was 46.95％ and 52.30％ on day 1 and day 28 after RIRI,respectively,both which were statistically significant compared with the normal control group (both P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Both paraptosis and autophagy participate in death of RGCs after acute RIRI.Programmed cell death in different cells,either coexistence of multiple-cell death form or a single-cell death form,participates in the pathogenesis of acute RIRI.

Objective To study the smoking status and influence of the families on pupils regarding smoking-related knowledge,attitudes and behavior,in Shandong province.Methods A multi-stage stratified-cluster random sampling method was used to investigate 6 050 students and their families in 3 different cities.A self-administered anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted by trained investigators.Results The overall passive smoking rate at households of the pupils was 49.7％ in Shandong province and appeared the highest in separate families,followed by in re-organized families and multiple-generation families under the same roofs.Major smokers in the families were fathers and grandfathers,with 43.4％ of the fathers and 74.0％ of the grandfathers had smoking histories for more than 10 years.The main smoking places at home were "elsewhere" or in the "living room".Attempting and current smoking rates of the families were 7.7％ and 1.7％ respectively,significantly higher than those families with no smokers.There was significant difference in smoking associated behavior and attitude between pupils whose family members with smoking habits or without.Conclusion The status of smoking in the families of the pupil' s family was not optimistic in Shandong province,especially in the families of the male students.Since smoking status of the families played an important role on their children,it is necessary to explore suitable health education model to improve the smoking associated behaviors in the families.

AIM To evaluate the quality of Linderae Radix from different growing areas.METHODS Hot dipping method was applied to determining the extract content.HPLC was adopted in the content derermination of linderane,linderalactone and norisoboldine.Then SPSS19.0 software was used for principal component analysis.RESULTS The effect degrees of various index components were in sequence of extract ＞ norisoboldine ＞ linderalactone ＞ linderane.The accumulative contribution rate of the first two principal components (total content of four index components,extract content) reached 86.86％.The comprehensive score of Linderae Radix from Taizhou (Zhejiang) was the highest.CONCLUSION Taking Taizhou (Zhejiang) as the genuine producing area of Linderae Radix has a certain scientific basis.