Considering a variety of theories such like Dunkin's, Centra's and Kolitch's, a set of 13 indicators are designed to evaluate effect of courses taken in high education of China currently, compro-mised by chief aspects of course designing, practicing, and effect. Three courses including medical nursing, humanistic cultivation and communication skills in nursing and fundamentals of nursing in a nursing de-partment are chosen to be objects of questionnaire survey about the above indicators. The results show that there are significant differences in curriculum effectiveness between different courses. The scores are 2.81, 2.80 and 2.60 respectively, and teachers and students have different evaluation on the same indicators of the same curriculum,which provides a reference for teachers, colleges and universities and teaching management departments to promote the improvement of teaching quality.

Functional constipation(FC) in childhood is characterized by a low defecation frequency in combination with either involuntary loss of stools(encopresis),passage of large amounts of stool,retentive posturing,or hard and often painful defecation.It represents 3%-5% of general pediatric outpatient visits and up to 25% of pediatric gastroenterology consultations.FC is a diagnosis made by history and physical examination.No testing is necessary or desirable.The decision to seek medical care for symptoms arises from a parent′s or caretaker′s concern for children.The caretaker′s threshold for concern varies with his or her experiences and expectations,coping style,and perception of illness,till now there is not an universal native criteria established in spite of much has been done in it.The criteria used are still to draw assistance from the foreign standard,among which the classic criteria,the Rome Ⅱ and Rome Ⅲ criteria are considered commonly used.The purpose of this paper is to descript the several foreign criteria,and to make comparison among them,and to explore their applicability and effectiveness in childhood FC

ObjectiveTo explore the characteristics of violence behavior of the psychotics in communities. Methods37 psychotics who used to have violence behavior were investigated with Questionnaire of Characteristics and Associated Factor for Violence Behavior of Psychotics in Communities created ourselves. ResultsThe psychotics suffered violence behavior appeared some peculiarities for the time, place, and dealing with tools, etc. Their mental state, course of disease and treatment were associated with their violence behavior. ConclusionThere is some characteristics in most of the violence behavior of the psychotics, which may be helpful for preventing.

Cardiovascular Diseases ; enzymology ; metabolism ; Humans ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases

Objectives: To assess the feasibility and stability of right ventricular outflow tract (ROVT) pacing under current technology by comparing the results of ROVT pacing with the traditional right ventricular apex (RVA) pacing. Methods: A total of 42 patients (at mean age of 63.5±10.4 years) without structural heart disease were randomly divided into two groups. RVA pacing group (n=14),and RVOT pacing group(n=28). An active fixation lead was implanted in all patients whose pacemaker could automatically measure the pacing threshold every day. The operation time,X-ray exposure time and lead parameters detected during the operation were collected to evaluate the feasibility of RVOT pacing. The complications related to lead and implantation procedure and the trend of threshold change during the follow-up time were used to assess the stability of RVOT pacing.Results: There were no statistic differences between RVA pacing group and RVOT pacing group in terms of operation time,X-ray exposure time and lead parameters. In RVOT group,the change of threshold during acute period was similar to those in RVA group (P=0.23). Chronic pacing threshold was also comparable between two groups,mean threshold at 6 months follow-up time was 0.55±0.11V and 0.54±0.09V at 0.4 pulse width in RVA group and RVOT group respectively (P=0.787).Conclusion: RVOT pacing was feasible and stable in operation time and lead characteristics compared with the conventional RVA pacing under current pacing technology.

Objective To explore the application of question-based lectures made by students in teaching chapter of nuclear chemical and biological weapon damage among field military nursing.Methods The participants were junior students of four-year undergraduate program.Questions on emergency treatment and care of chemical and biological weapon damage were proposed after a lecture by teacher.Students were divided into three groups after class and each group was assigned to a lecture on emergency treatment and care of one kind of weapon damage.Students had to collect information and prepare PPT for the next lecture.After lectures given by students at next class,discussion on the lectures was organized and comments were given by teachers.Results All students approved this kind of teaching activities,97.44％ believed that it can arouse their interest in study,94.87％ participated in the collection of data,89.74％ took part in the discussion,and 87.18％ obtained the sense of achievements.Conclusion Question-based lectures made by students are helpful in stimulating their interest in learning,cultivating their abilities of acquiring and applying knowledge.The teaching activities achieve the preferable results through proper application and meticulous organization.

Objective To explore the function and significance of caudal type homeobox transcription factor-2 (CDX)-2,heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) of esophageal stromal tissues in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus (BE).Methods A total of 116 patients were divided into groups according to gastroscopic finds and hematoxylin-eosin (H &E) staining of biopsy samples.They were divided into control group (n=29),RE group (n=32),BE group (n=35),RE treatment group (n=10) and BE treatment group (n=10).The expression of CDX 2,HB-EGF and BMP-4 in different esophageal mucosal lesions was detected by immunohistochemical staining and the changes of positive expression levels of CDX-2,HBEGF and BMP 4 were compared among groups.Variance analysis and chi-square analysis were performed to analyze the correlation among the three factors.Results The CDX-2 positive cell number of control group ((0.0±0.0)/high power field(HPF)),RE group ((43.1±10.6)/HPF),and BE group ((67.8±11.3)/HPF) increased in turn,and the differences among three groups were statistically significant (F=67.664,P＜0.01).The HBEGF positive ((6.4±1.4)/HPF,(39.4±13.5)/HPF,(55.8±13.9)/HPF) and BMP 4 positive ((0.0±0.0)/HPF,(22.6±6.4)/HPF and ((25.1± 10.3)/HPF) cell number of three groups had the same trend and the differences among three groups were statistically significant (F HB-EGF =22.925,FBMP-4 =10.463,both P＜0.01).Except the expression of BMP-4 between RE group and BE group,there were significant differences between every other two groups (LSD test,all P＜ 0.01).The expression of CDX 2,HB EGF,BMP-4 in RE treatment group ((21.7±1.7)/HPF,(16.6±5.0)/HPF and (9.2±1.0)/HPF) and BE treatment group ((51.4±8.7)/HPF,(31.0± 10.4)/HPF and (12.7±3.9)/HPF) were lower than those in RE group and BE group respectively,the differences were also statistically significant (LSD test,all P＜0.05).In RE group,the positive rate of CDX-2 (31.2％ (10/32)) was significantly lower than that of HBEGF and BMP4 (62.5％ (20/32) and 56.2％(18/32)),and the differences were statistically significant (x2=6.275 and 4.063,both P＜0.05).However in BE group,there was no statistically significant difference in the positive rate among CDX-2(85.7％(30/35)),HB-EGF (88.6％(31/35)) and BMP-4 (74.3％(26/35),all P＞0.05).Conclusions CDX-2,HB-EGF and BMP-4 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RE and BE.HB-EGF and BMP-4 may be involved in the early episodes of BE genesis and have promotion effects on CDX-2 expression.HB-EGF and BMP-4 may be the new target in the research and treatment of BE.

Objective To explore the proliferation of microglia in the frontal cortex,hippocampus and amygdala of the post-stroke depression (PSD) in rats.To understand the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of PSD.Methods The adult female SD rats were divided into four groups(n=5 per group):normal control group,depression group,stroke group and PSD group.In the depression group,the depression model rat were established by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) combined with separately breeding.In the stroke group,focal cerebral ischemic rat models were established with thread embolization method.In the PSD group,focal cerebral ischemic models rat were established with thread embolization method firstly,and then PSD models rat were established with comprehensive chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS) and separately breeding on this basis.After the procedure,rats were subjected to sucrose preference test and open field test.At the postoperative eighth weekend,immunofluorescence technology was used to detect the proliferation changes of OX42 positive cells in the frontal lobe,hippocampus and amygdale.Results At the 29th day after CUMS,the sucrose solution consumption ((23.8±0.8) ％),horizontal movement distance of open field test ((63.0± 1.2) cm) and vertical movement distance ((25.0± 1.0) cm) in PSD group were significantly lower than those in normal group((31.2± 1.9) ％;(69.8±2.3) cm;(31.0± 1.6) cm) and depression group((31.0±1.4) ％;(70.2±2.4) cm;(30.8± 1.1) cm) (P＜0.05).The number of OX42 positive cells of frontal lobe,hippocampus and amygdale in PSD group((20.8±2.6);(20.2±1.3);(19.8±2.6))increased significantly compared with those of normal group((7.4±2.3);(8.0± 1.6);(9.4±2.1)),depression group((8.0±2.0);(7.8 ±2.2);(9.2±1.9))and stroke group((9.6±1.1);(9.4±2.2);(10.2±2.6)) (all P＜0.05).Conclusion The number of microglia in PSD group in the emotional disorders related brain areas(the frontal lobe,hippocampus and amygdale) increases obviously and the increased expression of microglia in the emotional disorders related brain areas may be responsible for the pathogenesis of PSD.

Objective To explore the expression of the CNPase positive oligodendrocytes in the frontal cortex,hippocampus and amygdala of the post-stroke depression (PSD) model rats,and to understand the role of oligodendrocytes in the pathogenesis of PSD.Methods Healthy adult SD rats were randomly divided into normal group,depression group,stroke group,and PSD group (n =5 in each group).In the stroke group,focal cerebral ischemic rat model was made with thread embolization method.In the depression group,the depression model rats were made by chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS) combined with separately breeding.In the PSD group,focal cerebral ischemic rat model was made with thread embolization method firstly,and then PSD rat model was established with comprehensive chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and separately breeding on this basis.After the procedure,rats were subjected to sucrose preference test (SPT) and open field test (OFT).Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of the CNPase positive oligodendrocytes in the frontal cortex,hippocampus and amygdala at day 29.Results On the 29th day after CUMS,comparing the sucrose solution consumption,horizontal movement distance of open field test and vertical movement distance of the each group,the depression((26.6± 1.1)％,(63.6±2.3)cm,(26.4±1.1)cm) and the PSD groups((23.8±0.8)％,(63.0± 1.2) cm,(25.0± 1.0) cm) were significantlylower than normal ((31.2± 1.9) ％,(69.8± 2.3) cm,(31.0 ± 1.6) cm) and the stroke groups ((31.0± 1.4) ％,(70.2±2.4) cm,(30.8 ± 1.1) cm) (P＜ 0.05).Comparing the expression of the CNPase positive oligodendrocytes in the frontal cortex,hippocampus and amygdala of the each group,the number of the stroke((16.60± 1.82),(14.60±1.82),(15.00±2.12)),depression((16.40±2.07),(14.80±2.17),(15.80±2.28)) and the PSD groups((12.40± 1.52),(11.20± 1.48),(10.80± 1.92)) were significantly less than that in normal group((20.40±3.51),(18.20±2.59),(19.00±2.55)),and the number of expression CNPase positive oligodendrocytes in the PSD group was significantly less than that in stroke and depression groups(all P＜0.05).Conclusion The number of the CNPase positive oligodendrocytes in PSD group in the emotional disorders related brain areas (the frontal lobe,hippocampus and amygdale) reduced obviously,and the oligodendrocytes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PSD.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the disorder of learning and memory in lead rats and the argnine vasopressin (AVP) and the somatotatin (SS) of hippocampus.Methods Sixty healthy 2-month old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group and lead group. Normal control group was given deionized water and the lead group was given 0.1% lead acetate deionized water for 3 months to make chronic lead rat. Learning and memory ability was tested by the Y-maze test. The content of AVP and SS in hippocampus were tested by the immunohistochemical method. Results The learning memory ability and the content of AVP and SS in hippocampus CA1 section of the lead group were degraded obviously than the control group(all P0.05)in hippocampus CA3 section of the lead group were degraded also.Conclusion The disorder of the learning and memory of the lead exposure rats may be due to the decrease of the content of AVP and SS in hippocampus.