The rate of bone turnover in postmenopausal women accelerates and the newly formed osteoid is poorly mineralized, resulting in the loss of bone mineral content. Meanwhile, the requirement for calcium increases as more bone matrix needs to be mineralized. On the other hand, the reduction of serum estrogen level impairs the absorption of calcium in intestinal tract and the reabsorption in kidney, resulting in the decreased absorption and increased excretion of calcium. Therefore, sufficient calcium intake is critical for maintaining the bone structure in postmenopausal women. The reference intake of calcium differs greatly among different countries. In 2000, China established the adequate intake of calcium for Chinese women aged 50 years and older as 1000 mg/d. Diets provide the optimal source of calcium to prevent osteoporosis. Although calcium supplements have been demonstrated to be beneficial for the bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, its impact on fracture risk and cardiovascular diseases remains controversial. Available evidences suggest that calcium supplements combined with vitamin D are unlikely to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Objective To evaluate the effect of flurbiprofen axetil pretreatment on the level of central β-endorphin in a rat model of incisional pain.Methods Fifty-four SPF male healthy Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 6-7 weeks,weighing 180-230 g,were divided into 3 groups (n=18 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),incisional pain group (group Ⅰ) and flurbiprofen axetil pretreatnent group (group FA).At 30 min before the model of incisional pain was established,fat emulsion 1 ml was injected via the caudal vein in group Ⅰ,and flurbiprofen axetil 6 mg/kg (diluted to 1 ml in fat emulsion) was injected via the caudal vein in group FA.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) was measured at 1 day before establishment of the model and 1,6 and 12 h after establishment of the model (T1-3).The rats were sacrificed after measurement of pain threshold at T1-3,and the lumbar enlargement segment of the spinal cord and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus specimens were obtained for determination of β-endorphin content (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and β-endorphin expression (by immunohistochemistry).Results Compared with group C,the MWT was significantly decreased at T1-3 in I and FA groups,the content and expression of β-endorphin in the spinal cord were significantly decreased at T2,3,and the content and expression of β-endorphin in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus were increased at T1 in group Ⅰ,and the content and expression of β-endorphin in the spinal cord and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus were significantly increased at T1-3 in group FA (P＜0.05).Compared with group Ⅰ,the MWT was significantly increased,and the content and expression of β-endorphin in the spinal cord and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus were increased at T1-3 in group FA (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which flurbiprofen axetil pretreatment produces analgesic effect may be related to the increased level of central β-endorphine in a rat modal of incisional pain.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy and adverse reactions of high-dose methylprednisolone pulse treatment on peritumoral edema induced by supratentorial brain tumors.Methods Thirty-five patients with supratentorial brain tumors and peritumoral edema were treated with methylprednisolone pulse therapy before surgery and the edema index of every patient was calculated by MRI examinations before and after methylprednisolone treatment.Results After methylprednisolone pulse therapy, the edema indexes of the light, medium and severe edema patients reduced by 1.79%, 8.81% and 12.02% respectively. The edema indexes of the medium and serious patients were significantly lower than that before treatment ( P<0.01). But the edema index of the light edema patients was not significantly different with that before treatment ( P>0.05).Conclusion High-dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy has an obvious effect on medium and serious peritumoral edema induced by supratentorial brain tumors and has no serious adverse reactions.

Dao-di Herbs is specificity and locality, and its unique phenotypic features is closely related to the growth and development of medicinal plants. In addition to traditional genetic, epigenetic play an important role in formation of Dao-di herbs. This paper introduces the concept of epigenetic and the role of DNA methylation in the gene expression regulation. We further prospects epigenetic mechanism in study of Dao-di herbs formation from specific phenotype and regional analysis. And study on the relationship of epigenetic and Dao-di herbs will provide a basis for quality assessment and identification of Chinese drugs.
DNA Methylation ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; standards ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Plants, Medicinal ; genetics

Objective To investigate the plastic surgery of facial soft tissue for improvement of facial contour. Methods Botulinum toxin type A was injected into hypertrophied masseter to make it atrophy and attenuation; meanwhile, buccal fat lining was partly resected by intra-oral approach. Buc-cal liposuction was performed if necessary. Results 36 cases got satisfactory face thinning results af-ter treatment. The facial contour of all patients was markedly improved. Following up for 6 - 12 months showed that the effect was stable. Conclusion Plastic repair of facial soft tissue for improve-ment of facial contour is a simple approach, with mild injury, quick recovery, safe and effective.

BACKGROUND: It is proposed that elevated serum homocysteine is an important independent risk factor for ischemic stroke (IS), and 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is the key enzyme for homocysteine metabolism. The relationship between genetic mutation of MTHFR and IS remains controversial.OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of hyperhomocysteinemia and two MTHFR gene polymorphisms with IS in Northwest Chinese population.DESIGN: Case-control study.SETTING: Department of Neurology, First Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, and Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA.PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-seven consecutive patients with ischemic stroke (71 males and 26 females) treated between November 2001 and May 2002were recruited, who were diagnosed by CT scan or MRI in the Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA. The control group consisted of 94 subjects (58 males and 36 females) without history of ischemic stroke. All the subjects were free of intracranial hemorrhage, cancer, renal dysfunction, and none used multivitamins or estrogen.METHODS: Serum homocysteine was measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was employed to detect the genotype at the two sites of C677T and A1298C in MTHFR gene.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum homocysteine levels and the genotypic frequency frequencies of the two mutations of MTHFR.RESULTS: The 677T allele frequency was 59.3% in IS patients and 44.7% in the controls, showing significant differences (P=0.006), but no difference in 1298C allele frequency was detected between the two groups (22.7% vs 19.7%, P ＞ 0.05). Homozygous 677TT genotype was closely associated with hyperhomocysteinemie (P ＜ 0.01). In multivariate logistic regression analysis,677T gene mutation and hyperhomocysteinemie were all associated with the IS, with an OR of 1.870 and 1.031 (P＜ 0.05), respectively.CONCLUSION: Hyperhomocysteinemie is a risk factor of IS, and C677T mutation significantly increases homocysteine levels, and serves also as an independent genetic risk factor of IS.

Objective To investigate the correlation between cerebral artery stenosis (MCAS) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Methods Continuous selected 636 cases of 50-80 years old inpatients or outpatients who examined by transcranial color Doppler ultrasound (TCD) in April 2012 to April 2013 in our hospital.Keep the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and clinical dementia rating (CDR) as the evaluation of cognitive function.Results Detected 124 cases of MCAS patients (MCAS group) and 512 cases of non-MCAS patients (non-MCAS group).Forty-four cases MCI were detected in MCAS group with the prevalence rate was 35.5％(44/124),and 114 cases of patients with MCI were detected in non-MCAS group with the prevalence rate was 22.3％ (114/512),the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Single factor analysis showed that there were no significant difference between two groups in waist circumference,hypertension,coronary heart disease,hyperlipidemia,smoking,diastolic blood pressure and total cholesterol,uric acid,fasting glucose,C-reactive protein (P ＞ 0.05); There were significantly different between two groups in age,gender,education level,MCAS,history of diabetes,systolic blood pressure and triglyceride,low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(P ＜ 0.05).Multiple factors analysis showed that the MCAS (OR =1.899,95％ CI 1.224-2.946),history of diabetes (OR =1.764,95％ CI 1.191-2.612),systolic blood pressure(OR =1.012,95％ CI 1.003-1.022),gender (OR =0.558,95％ CI 0.380-0.821),and age (OR =1.029,95％ CI 1.010-1.049) was the independent risk factor for MCI.Conclusion The MCAS related with MCI occurrence and development.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the physicochemical properties and bicompatibility of carbon-nanotubes/hydroxypatite/chitosan scafflod for bone tissue engineering. MethodsMWCNT/n-HA/CS scaffolds wre generated by solution blending and freeze-drying technology.The morphology and composition of the scaffolds were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, after this, the results of which mixed CNTS in scaffolds were evaluated. The effects of MWCNT/n-HA/CS scaffolds on adherence and proliferation of rabbit bone marrow stroma cells were assessed by scaffolds surface seeding methods, and using scanning electron microscopy, MTT assay to observe their adhesion and proliferation on scaffolds.Results MWCNT/n-HA/CS scaffolds showed abundant homogeneous pores with (87.26％) porosity. 66％ fracture strength of the scafflod was improved by MWCNT,and porosity decreased by 3％. Conclusion MWCNT/n-HA/CS scaffold can be prepared with solution blending and freeze drying process, which has fair poriness, good mechanical strength and tissue compatibility and can be applied as a bone graft material.

Objective To examine the application effect of intelligent simulator(SimMan) in comprehensive skill training among doctors and nurses.Methods Totally 168 doctors and nurses were chosen as the training object,6 people (4 doctors and 2 nurses) formed a work team.Comprehensive training course was in accordance with 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science.Real clinical situation was designed by using the third generation SimMan of Norway laerdal company.Trainees were administered two tests before and after training,in which there were two parts containing specialized operation ability and non-technical ability.Overall qualification rate,average mark and treatment time of qualified teams were compared before and after the training.SPSS 16.0 software was used to analyze the data and P ＜0.05 signifies statistically significance.Results Overall qualification rate,average mark and treatment time of qualified teams were 71.43％,(84.70 ± 3.15),and (449.25 ± 77.0) s respectively before training while 100％,(93.55 ± 3.86) and (323.71 ± 42.26) s after training.There were significant differences in results of two groups before and after training (P =0.002,0.000,0.000).Conclusions Application of the third generation intelligent simulator (SimMan) in comprehensive training will obviously improve training effectiveness and cultivate the non-technical ability.

Objective To investigate the effects of transforming growth factorβ1(TGFβ1)and β3 (TGFβ3)gene transfer on MMP-2,MMP-9 and TIMP-1 expression in hepatic stellate cells(HSC-T6).Methods TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 expression plagmids were constructed.The recombinant expression plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)-=TGFβ1 and pcDNA3.1(+).TGFβ3 were transfected or cotransfected into HSC-T6.At 24,48 and 72 h after transfection,the expression of MMP-2,MMP-9 and TIMP-1 mRNA were detected by real-time quantitative PCR,and the expression of MMP-2,MMP-9 and TIMP-1 protein were detected by Western blot.The recombinant expression plasmid pcDNA3.1(+).TGFβ1 was transfected into HSC-T6,and positive clones were selected by G418.The positive clones were transfected by the recombinant expression plasmid pcDNA3.1(+).TGFβ1,and the expression of MMP-2,MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were detected at 48 h after transfection.Results After transfection with peDNA3.1-TGFβ1,MMP-2 and TIMP-1 increaged remarkably in HSC-T6 cells(P＜0.05),but MMP-9 remained at the sanle level;After transfection with pcDNA3.1-TGFβ3,expression levels of MMP-2,MMP-9 and TIMP-1 mRNA were not changed,but TIMP-1 protein increased remarkably(P＜0.05);in cotransfection group,the expression of MMP-2 was higher than that in the blank and the control groups(P＜0.05),but MMP-9 level was not changed and TIMP-1was decreased compared with that in the TGF-β1 transfection group(P＜0.05).After TGFβ3was transfected into positive clones,the change of MMP-2 wag not significant(P＞0.05).but MMP-9 increaged and TIMP-1 decreased significantly at 48 h after transfection(P＜0.05).Conclusions TGFB3 may inhibit liver fibrosis by increase the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9,and decrease the activity of TIMP-1.