Most epidemiological investigations and basic studies have demonstrated that estrogen has neuroprotective effects,and the application of estrogen in cerebrovascular disease has a positive attitude.However,large clinical trials of the application of estrogen have indicated that harms outweigh benefits,and even have the risks of stroke.This article reviews the related studies about the neuroprotective effects of estrogen from the positive and negative aspects.

Objective To construct a mutant strain of Aspergillus fumigatus with the mutant pbs2 gene, and to investigate the effect of the mutant gene on the morphology of A. fumigatus, the variation of os-motic pressure and the sensitivity of oxidative stress. Methods S. cerevisiae pbs2 gene homologs was identi-fied in A. fumigatus genome database. A PCR fragment, composed of the 5' flanking sequence(approximate-ly 1 kb) ofpbs20RF and its 3' flanking sequence (approximately 1 kb), was subcloned into a vector pDHt/SK with Xho Ⅰ/Xba Ⅰ enzyme to produce a recombinant plasmid PA. The selected marker pryG amplified from pLAX223 was cloned into PA with BamH Ⅰ/Pst Ⅰ enzyme to produce plasmid PB. PB was transformed into Agrobacterium tumefac/ens and named plasmid At pbs2. Then At pbs2 was transformed into A. fumigatus strain AF293.1 (pyrG) via ATMT to produce the transformants △pbs2. To observe the growth rate and the phenotype on the MM containing different oxidative stress and osmotic pressure between the △pbs2 and the wild type. Results There were no visible difference between △pbs2 and AF293 on the radial growth rate and morphology. △pbs2 mutant was not only more sensitive to osmotic pressure produced by sodium chloride and glycerol but also sensitive to oxidative stress produced by hydrogen peroxide than the wild type. Conclu-sion The pbs2 gene plays a role in osmotic pressure and oxidative stress signal tmnsductions in A. fumiga-tus but only involved in oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide specifically. However, pbs2 gene has a minor effect on growth and morphology in A. fumigatus.

Objective To establish the culture of Blastocystis hominis in vitro in Medium 199 for further research on the biological characteristics of this intestinal parasite.Methods The growth, reproduction and relevant factors of B.hominis under different culture conditions including pHs, sorts and concentrations of serum, and the number of inoculation were compared. Results The optimal conditions for the continuously anaerobic culture of B.hominis in Medium 199 were as follows: concentrations of new born bovine serum (or human serum and horse serum) ranged from 10%-20%, the number of inoculation was no less than 1?10~5 organisms per tube, pHs ranged from 7.0-8.0, penicillin, streptomycin should be added, anaerobic cultured at 37 ℃.The reproductive peaking-days were 4, 8 at pH 7.0; 3, 6, 9 at pH 7.5 and 2, 4, 7, 9 at pH 8.0. Conclusion B.hominis could be continuously cultured in vitro in Medium 199.

Objective:To investigate the efficiency of Agrobacterium tumefaciensmediated transfor-mation of Aspergillus fumigatus by using pyrG as a recessive selectable marker.Methods: FAP1 and SHO1 genes target sequences,composed of a selectable marker pyrG and the flanking sequences of the FAP1 and the SHO1 genes,were cloned into a binary plasmid pDHt/sk,respectively.The produced plasmids were transformed into A.tumefaciens.The A.tumefaciens and uracil auxotroph A.fumigatus were cocultured in induction medium without uricil and uridine at 24 ℃ for 48 h.To inhibit growth of A.tumefaciens and to select transformants,the cultures were transferred to 37 ℃ and incubated for another 48 h.Results: In this study,A.tumefaciens-medidated transformation of A.fumigatus produced high homologous recombination rates,which was 44%(7 of 16) for FAP1 and 35%(7 of 20) for SHO1.Conclusion: Our study showed that A.tumefaciens-medidated transformation by using pyrG as a recessive selectable marker is an efficient tool for target gene deletion of A.fumigatus.

Objective To observe the change pattern of macaques'body temperature and the relationship exterior sign,expression and behavior,sex hormone level in their menolipsis.Methods Macaques'exterior sign,expression and behavior were photographed and videotaped.Body temperature was detected by electrothermometer everyday and draw a fluctuation curve.Their estrogen and progesterone level changes were detected by radioimmunoassay.Results Three macaques'cycle of Sex skin change continued about 40 days in Period of Menolipsis,and body temperature,expression and behavior,sex hormone level of macaques in period of menolipsis showed regular changs.Conclusion Temperature fluctuation of macaques showed typical diphase change which was similar to the change in normal menstrual cycle and consistence with their exterior sign,expression and behavior and sex hormone level change regularity.Diaphase fluctuation of macaques'body temperature may be related to sex hormone level change.

Objective:To construct the sho1 gene mutant of Aspergillus fumigatus,and to investigate the function of sho1 in adaptation to environmental changes.Methods:Saccharomyces cerivisiae sho1 gene homolog was identified by tblastn searches in A.fumigatus genome database.A PCR fragment,composed of the 5' flanking sequence(approximately 1 kb) of sho1,sho1 ORF,and its 3' flanking sequence(approximately 1 kb),was subcloned into a vector pDHt/SK2 with ApaⅠ/Xba Ⅰ enzyme to produce a recombinant plasmid PA.The selected marker pyrG cut from pLAX223 with Nco Ⅰ/Pst Ⅰ was cloned into PA,and PB was produced.The plasmid PB was transformed into competent Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 by using the freeze/thaw method.The strain of A.tumefaciens was designated as At sho1.Then sho1 was produced via ATMT.The radial growth was observed and compared between sho1 and wild type(wt) on MM,CM and BHI medium,and the sensitivity of sho1 and wt to amphotericin B,itraconazole,voriconazole,and caspofungin investigated.Results:Radial growth had visible difference between sho1 and wt on MM,CM and BHI medium.sho1 mutant was sensitive to high osmotic pressure but not to low osmotic pressure.The susceptibility to antifungal drugs was similar between the sho1 and wt.Conclusion:Slow growth of the sho1 mutant has nothing to do with the different medium.The sho1 gene plays a role in response to osmotic pressure in A.fumigatus,but sho1 has a minor role in the susceptibility to the antifungal drugs despite the slow growth.

Objective To investigate the hemodynamic changes during the progression of portal hypertension(PHT) by establishing a model of liver cirrhosis in rats.Methods Totally 100 healthy male SD rats were assigned to 5 groups randomly(1 control group and 4 experimental groups with 20 rats in each group).Animal model of cirrhosis was established by subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) and drinking alcohol.Rats in control group were given water and forage.The changes in the portal hemodynamics during the pathological process of liver tissues were observed after 2,4,7 and 10 weeks.Results During the formation of experimental cirrhosis,the hepatocytes of rats underwent 4 processes: degeneration,necrosis,fibrosis and pseudolobular proliferation.The hemodynamic changes were observed: the mean arterial pressure declined gradually after injection,but the portal venous pressure,the inferior vena cava pressure and the portal vascular resistance increased slowly.The portal venous flow reduced after ascending whereas the splanchnic vascular resistance increased after descending.Conclusion This method can establish a stable cirrhosis PHT model,which can be made in large quantities.During the progression of PHT,there are significant changes in portal vein hemodynamics and pathology,which can be used in related research on PHT.

to common antifungal drugs.

Objective To observe liver functional lesion caused by combination chemotherapy containing or not containing oxaliplatin. Methods Data from 42 patients with liver functional lesion caused by chemotherapy between March 2005 and October 2007 were analyzed. All patients were diagnosed through histology or cytology detection and received chemotherapy only. Different drugs were. admitted,based on different tumors. Before chemotherapy, each patient had normal liver function without liver lesions such as liver metastasis, Hepatitis B and C, hepatic cirrhosis, etc. Furthermore, 22 received FOLFOX-4 in containing oxaliplatin group while the remaining 20 received chemotherapy excluding oxaliplatin. When liver functional lesion without the influence of any liver protectant was first observed, ALT, AST, TBIL, DBIL, IBIL, ALP, GGT and the WHO criteria of liver toxicity were analyzed. T test and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used for data analysis. Results All together 90 cycles, median 2.14 cycles, were given. According to WHO criteria of liver toxicity, 13 cases were in grade O, 21 in grade Ⅰ, 7 in grade Ⅱ, and 1 in grade Ⅲ. ALT and AST were significantly high after chemotherapy(P <0.05). Moreover, ALT and AST were significantly higher in containing oxaliplatin group than non oxaliplatin group after chemotherapy(P <0.05). Chemotherapy had no influence on bilirubin. The population distribution of accumulative chemotherapy cycles and WHO criteria of liver toxicity was similar between two groups. Conclusion Before the intervention of liver protectant, combination chemotherapy containing oxaliplatin is more likely to have liver functional lesion than other chemotherapy without oxaliplatin. It mainly presents an increase in transaminase.

Objective To establish a paraspinal neural pathway of quadriceps femoris by end-to-end anastomoses between the spinal ventral root after spinal cord injury(SCI) in rats. Methods Twenty-fourweek old SD rats, with the weight of 120 g to 150 g, were included. The left side was the experimental side, while the right side served as a control. Electrostimulating of L1-L5 ventral root was done respectively to decide the predominant nerve of quadriceps femoris. The lumbar 1 ventral root was reveal to little innervation of quadriceps femoris, and the lumbar 3 ventral root was predominant innervation. End-to-end anastomosis between the left L1 and L3 ventral root was done. After axona regeneration, the new paraspinal neural pathway of quadriceps femoris was established. At 6 months postoperatively, the early function of the new pathway was observed by electrophysiological examinations, hindlimb locomotion and BBB (basso, beattie and bresnahan)scale at 1,3,7, 14,21,28 d after SCI. Results Sixteen rats survived for 6 months after operation and only ten rats got good results because of tissue adhesion postoperatively. Single stimuli (2.5 mA,0.2 ms, 1 Hz) of the left anastomoses nerve resulted in action potential recorded from the left quadriceps femoris before and after the spinal cord hemisection horizontally between L2 segmental levels. The amplitudes of the action potentials were (7.63 ± 1.86) mV and (6.00 ± 1.92)mV, respectively, and there was no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05). The left quadriceps femoris contraction was initiated by single stimuli (2.5mA, 0.2 ms, 1 Hz) of the left anastomoses nerve. After paraplegia, when the right L3 ventral root was stimulated, the amplitude of the action potential was (15.87 ± 1.16) mV. Locomotion of the left hindlimb was partially restored after spinal cord hemisection while creeping and climbing. According to BBB scale, there was significant difference at 1, 3, 7 d, and little difference at 14, 21, 28 d after SCI. Conclusion Spinal ventral roots cross-ananstomosis to reconstruct the paraspinal pathway of quadriceps femoris after SCI is efficient reinnervation of hindlamb muscles in a rat model and may have potential in clinical application.