Objective: To investigate the root canal configuration and the incidence and location of the isthmus in extracted maxillary second premolar with single root. Methods: 60 maxillary second premolars were included in the study. 1 mm root was cut from the apical end of root. The transverse section was stained with methylene blue dye and viewed with a surgical operating microscope. 1 mm increment sections were made and stained and observed by the same way from apex to 6 mm. The number of canals as well as the type of canal isthmuses were recorded. Results: 41.67% maxillary second premolar with single root had two canals. Canal isthmus happened more frequently in the apical 4 mm levels. Conclusion: The incidence of isthmus in the maxillary second premolar was highest in the apical 3-to 5-mm level. Canal morphology in the apical 1-to 6-mm is complicated.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Chronic Disease ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pterygopalatine Fossa ; innervation ; Rhinitis ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Smell ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

Decision Making, Organizational ; Disasters ; Earthquakes ; Humans ; Public Health Practice ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic

Animals ; Bile ; Carps ; Hemofiltration ; Humans ; Poisoning ; therapy

Persistent infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains as a worldwide threat to public health,which involves a complex interaction between virus- and host related factors.HCV is classified as six genotypes and many subtypes according to the sequence heterogenecity.HCV genotype should be determined prior to treatment initiation since it plays a key role in selection of therapeutic regimen for chronic hepatitis C.Development of the antiviral treatment with protease inhibitor in combination with pegylated IFN-α and ribavirin requires the accurate determination of subtypes,e.g. 1a and 1b,as well.Genotyping methods based onsequenceanalysis, reversehybridizationorreal-timePCRhavebeendevelopedand evaluated.Some issues,however,should be settled to standardize the utility and result interpretation of these methods.More recently,host genotypes of IL28B have been found to be closely associated with HCV spontaneous clearance and the response to antiviral therapy.Moreover,polymorphisms in inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase gene affect ribavirin-induced anemia.Therefore, host genotyping will be beneficial in predicting the outcome of chronic hepatitis C and monitoring the drug-induced adverse events.

The development of laparoscopic techniques has made surgical treatment enter into the era of minimally invasive surgery,and the application of three-dimensional (3D) high-definition laparoscopic system has brought the important innovation for laparoscopic techniques,meanwhile,it also provides stereoscopic visions and more accurate spatial orientation for surgeons.During the process of laparoscopic radical resection of lower rectal cancer,3D vision can help to identify blood vessels,nerve and tissues around the rectum,ensure accurate lymph node dissection,reduce difficulty of operation,and the learning curve of laparoscopic radical resection of lower rectal cancer for inferior surgeons might be shorten by using 3D imaging system.With the development of technology,the value on clinical application of 3D high-definition laparoscope will become more evident.

Objective To analyze factors affecting the expenses of inpatients and their comprehensive force of influence so as to check irrational increases of medical expenses. Methods Data on hospitalization expenses for disease entities ranking in the first ten places in a third tier hospital in 1997 were taken as samples and a statistical analysis was conducted of the medical expenses incurred in the discharged cases by means of the nerve network model. Results Major factors affecting hospitalization expenses were days of hospitalization, pre hospitalization conditions, pre operation length of stay and age, the comprehensive force of influence of which was respectively 0 4879 , 0 2124 , 0 1847 and 0 0612 . Conclusion To check the irrational increases of medical expenses, we must focus our efforts on the reduction of expenses for medicine and shorten days of hospitalization and pre operation length of stay.

Digestive tract reconstruction after proctocolectomy is a critical step of colorectal surgery, proper reconstruction can promote the recovery of digestive tract function and improve the quality of life.At present, there are some candidate reconstruction methods after proctocolectomy, but standardized and proper one is not still established.Since there are differences of the reconstruction methods after proctocolectomy at the different parts of colorectum, the best reconstruction methords should be selected according to the condition and intraoperative situation of patients.

Corydalis Rhizoma, the dried tuber of Corydalis yanhusuo (Papaveraceae) distributed traditionally mainly in south-eastern and now cultivated in northwestern and other district in China, is one of the commonly used and well-known traditional Chinese medicine. It has been widely used to treat spastic pain, abdominal pain, pain due to injury, and promote blood circulation. Its main chemical constituents were alkaloids, which were divided into the two types of protoberberines and aporphines. Among them, some alkaloids were found to elicit profound effects on the dopaminergic system in the central nervous system, which plays an important role in regulating nociception. In this article, the chemical composition and structure-types, new methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis as well as characteristics of biotransformation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, pharmacokinetic, and drug-drug interaction for the alkaloids were revealed. These results would greatly contribute to the establishment of bioactive material base of Corydalis Rhizoma.
Alkaloids ; chemistry ; Animals ; Corydalis ; chemistry ; Drug Interactions ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; metabolism ; pharmacokinetics ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Papaveraceae ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rhizome ; chemistry

Objective: To confirm the structure and preferential conformation of the Schiff base of gossypol with 1, 3, 4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine and explore its anti-HIV-1 activity.Methods: The Schiff base of gossypol with 11, 3, 4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine was synthesized and identified by FT-IR, NMR spectroscopy and the PM6 semi-classical calculation.The inhibitory activity of the novel compound against the laboratory-adapted HIV-1IIIB strain was examined using the HIV-1IIIB/TZM-bl indicator cell culture system.Results: The 1H and 13C-NMR signals of the new Schiff base were assigned.The PM6 semi-classical calculation indicated that enamine-enamine tautomeric form of the new Schiff base was more stable,which was stabilized by the intramolecular hydrogen bonds.The anti-HIV-1 test showed that the compound could block the entry of HIV-1IIIB into the target cells.Conclusion: The Schiff base of gossypol with 1, 3, 4, 6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine exhibits enamine-enamine tautomeric form in solution, which shows potential anti-HIV-1 activity.