Insulin resistance, lipid metabolism disorders, independent autonomic neuropathy are high risk factors for gallstone formation in type 2 diabetic patients. In recent years, there have been a lot of new developments on the relationship between type 2 diabetes and gallstones, such as adiponectin, leptin and metabolic syndrome, etc. Based on these studies, the risk factors of type 2 diabetes complicated with gallstones are summarized in this paper.

Objective To determine the risk factors of gallstones. Methods A case-control study was conducted on 4087 patients with gallstones (the study group) and 20435 individuals without gallstones (the control group) at the Health Center of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) between January 2007 to May 2010. Using age and sex, the study and the control groups were matched in 1 : 5 ratio. Data were statistically analyzed using Chi-square test and conditional logistic regression.Results Univariate analysis showed significant differences in diabetic mellitus (DM), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastalic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-CH) and body mass index (BMI) between the study and the control groups (P＜0.05). Multivariate analysis confirmed that DM, SBP, HDL-CH and BMI were associated with gallstones, and their adjusted odds ratio (95％ confidence interval) were 0. 825 (0. 736 ～0. 925), 0. 908 (0. 828～0. 996), 1. 211 (1. 056～1. 389) and 0. 746 (0. 691～0. 805), respectively.The incidences of total cholesterol (TCH) and low deasity dipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-CH) were not significantly different between the two groups (P＞0.05). ConclusionsDM、SBP、HDL-CH and BMI were found to be the risk factors for gallstones. To prevent gallstones, weight reduction, blood pressure control and normalization of blood lipid are important measures.

Objective To investigate the risk factors of gallbladder carcinoma,so as to provide theoretical base for the prevention of gallbladder carcinoma.Methods The clinical data of 153 patients with gallbladder carcinoma (gallbladder carcinoma group) who were admitted to the Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2000 to December 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 300 patients with cholecystolithiasis (cholecystolithiasis group) and 300 patients without gallbladder carcinoma or cholecystolithiasis (control group)were collected and matched at the ratio of 1∶2 to conduct the controlled study.Data were statistically analyzed by the Chi-square test and conditional Logistric regression.Results Univariate analysis showed significant difference in age,history of cholecystolithiasis,postmenopausal age,accumulated menstrual period,giving birth or not and number of birth between gallbladder carcinoma group and control group ( x2 =58.22,180.14,9.59,24.30,18.66,15.17,P ＜0.05).Age,history of cholecystolithiasis,accumulated menstrual period and number of birth were the independent risk factors of gallbladder carcinoma (x2 =55.76,180.95,24.30,8.54,P ＜ 0.05).The risk of having gallbladder carcinoma in patients who had a history of cholecystolithiasis was 34 times higher than those who did not have the history of cholecystolithiasis (OR =34.22).Late postmenopausal age (51 -55 years old),longer accumulated menstrual period ( ≥30 years),and the number of birth ( 3 times) were associated with higher risk of gallbladder carcinoma (OR =3.96,9.68,3.51 ). Age,course of cholecystolithiasis and accumulated menstrual period and number of birth were the risk factors of gallbladder carcinoma when comparing patients who have history of cholecystolithiasis in the gallbladder carcinoma group with those in the cholecystolithiasis group (x2 =70.66,16.66,11.59,4.69,P ＜ 0.05 ).Age,course of cholecystolithiasis and accumulated menstrual period were the independent risk factors of gallbladder carcinoma ( x2 =64.29,8.82,5.58,P ＜ 0.05).The risk of gallbladder carcinoma increased as the increase of age and course of cholecystolithiasis. The accumulated menstrual period ≥ 30 years was also a risk factor of gallbladder carcinoma. Conclusions Age,history of cholecystolithiasis,course of cholecystolithiasis,accumulated menstrual period and number of birth may be the risk factors of gallbladder carcinoma.For patients with age above 60 years and course of cholecystolithiasis above 3 years,cholecystectomy should be conducted to reduce the incidence of gallbladder carcinoma,and great importance should be attached to female patients with indications mentioned above.

Objective To explore risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with gallstone disease. Methods The clinical data of 429 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients complicated with gallstone disease (case group) and 2145 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without gallstone disease (control group) were collected from the Health Center of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2007 to May 2010. According to sure (SBP), diastolic blood pressnre (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-CH), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-CH) and body mass index (BMI) were statistically analyzed by fourfold table chi-square test or conditional Logistic regression.Results Univariate analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the levels of SBP, FBG, TC, HDL-CH and BMI between the case group and the control group (x2 =20.323, 4.365, 4.028, 7.049, 7.319, P＜0.05). Multivariate analysis confirmed that SBP, TC, HDL-CH and BMI were risk factors for gallstone disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (x2 = 18. 047, 6. 905, 12. 884, 7. 557, P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion Increased SBP, TC and BMI and decreased HDL-CH may be the risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with gallstone disease.

To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of compound Danshen injection in treating hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) of newborns. Computer retrievals were made in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI, VIP and China info (before May 2014) and relevant literature references, and manual retrievals were made for journals and conference papers, in order to collect randomized or semi-randomized controlled trials concerning compound Danshen injection in the treatment of neonatal HIE. The quality of included references was evaluated according to literatures recommended by Cochrane Handbook. RevMan 5. 3 software was applied in the statistical treatment. Finally, a total of 13 randomized controlled trials were included, covering 1,211 patients (including 639 patients in the compound Danshen injection-treated group and 572 patients in the control group). Meta-analysis results showed that the routine treatment combined with compound Danshen injection can improve the treatment efficiency of neonatal HIE [RR = 1.28; 95% CI (1.21-1.36)], reduce the mortality rate [RR = 0.42; 95% CI (0.23-0.75)] and the incidence of long-term neurological sequelae [RR = 0.48; 95% CI (0.35-0.65)], with statistical differences. No fatal side effect was observed in all of included trials. So far, limited evidences in this study proved that the application of compound Danshen injection in the treatment of neonatal HIE can enhance the clinical efficiency. However, because of the low quality of the included trials, more well-designed and large-scale multi-center randomized controlled trials shall be made in the future.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain ; drug therapy ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Newborn, Diseases ; drug therapy ; Injections ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a nwe, simple technique for preparation of interferon-alpha-liposomes, which may be suitable for industrial use. METHODS The uniform design coupled with computerized optimization was utilized to screen the formulation and preparation procedure of interferon-alpha-liposomes. Pro-liposomes were prepared by the powder bed grinding method and combined with interferon-alpha-solution to form interferon-alpha-liposomes. Liposome size was determined by the particle size analyzer. Free interferon-alpha and interferon-alpha-liposome were separated by gel filtration. Then the recovered activity of interferon-alpha was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The result demonstrated that the best interferon-alpha-liposome formulation was as follows: the protectant was sorbitol; weight ratio of protectant to lipid was 5:1; weight ratio of octadecytamin to lipid was 1:9; weight ratio of sobey phosphatidylcholine to cholesterol was 9:1 respectively. Interferon-alpha-liposome size determined by the particle size analyzer was 80.8+/-36 nm and the encapsulation efficiency was 59.0+/-3.3%. CONCLUSION The powder bed grinding method can be used to prepare pro-liposomes which can be easily combined with interferon-alpha-solution to form interferon-alpha-liposomes.

Objective: To determine the noninvasive imaging efficacy of 99mTc-sandostatin scintigraphy for lung cancer. Methods: 57 consecutive patients with pulmonary nodules(PN) were studied with 99mTc-sandostatin scintigraphy.Planar imaging was obtained after injection of (991.6?187.59) MBq of 99mTc-sandostatin at 1.5-4 hour with GE Dual-head gamma camera(Millennium VG, Hawkeye ;General Electric Medical Systems) . SPECT images of the chest were performed at 4-6 h post injection. All scintigraphically detected lesions were confirmed by histopathological analysis and/or by other imaging modalities.Tumor to normal tissues ratios (T/N) were calculated . Results: Out of 57 patients ,47 were malignant tumors; 12 with small cell lung cancer (SCLC), 35 with non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 10 had benign lesions. The sensitivity , specificity and accuracy of 99mTc-Sandostatin in detection of lung cancer were 95.7%, 90%, 94.7%, respectively. In two patients (pts) with pulmonary squamous cell cancer 99mTc-Sandostatin imaging was false negative. In 10 pts. with benign PN, 9 pts. was true negative, but one patient with tubercolama was false positive. T/N ratio was 3.43?0.66, 2.24?0.31 in SCLC and NSCLC respectively. The T/N ratio was higher in small cell lung cancer than NSCLC(t = 4.072 ,P

Objective To develop an MR optical dual-modality probe targeting angiogenesis of gastric cancer and to study its physical characteristics , in vitro cytotoxicity and magnetic effects of different pulse sequences on 3 T clinical MR scanner.Methods We conjugated GX1-Cy5.5, a novel gastric cancer neo-vasculature targeted peptide labeled with Cy 5.5, to the surface functionalized magnetic nanoparticles according to different molecular weights (1∶100, 1∶500),resulting in dual-modality probe DPs100 and DPs500 (named DPs).The hydrodynamic size and zeta potential of DPs and DPs 500 were analyzed by nano-ZS.The human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and BGC-823 cells were treated with DPs for 24 h, and methyl thiazol tetrazolium ( MTT) method was used to detect the survival rate of cells.DPs with different concentrations were scanned on different MR sequences , and then the relative signal intensity was observed.The absorbance of HUVECs and BGC823 cells treated with DPs of different concentration (0.00, 1.25, 2.50, 15.00, 50.00, 100.00 and 150.00 μg/ml) were compared with single factor analysis of variance.Relative signal intensity of different MR sequences was compared using a paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test.Results The dual-modality probe targeting angiogenesis of gastric cancer was successfully constructed.The hydrodynamic size of iron oxide nanoparticles , DPs100 and DPs500 was (35.23 ±0.07), (39.49 ±0.16) and (40.43 ±1.70) nm and the Zeta potential was (0.31 ±0.20), ( -4.15 ±0.79) and ( -10.51 ± 2.37) mV.The coupled rates of DPs 100 and DPs500 with polypeptide were 92%and 94% respectively.The absorbance of HUVECs and BGC823 cells treated with DPs of different concentrations were 0.76 ±0.04, 0.80 ±0.03, 0.79 ±0.05, 0.75 ±0.06, 0.74 ±0.05, 0.77 ±0.01,0.71 ±0.04 and 0.38 ±0.04, 0.43 ±0.04, 0.41 ±0.03, 0.43 ±0.07, 0.44 ±0.04, 0.41 ±0.07 and 0.40 ±0.04, there was no statistical significance ( F=0.94, 0.51;P>0.05).The signal intensity increased first and then decreased following the increasing concentrations of DPs on T 1WI,especially on FSPGR T1WI (Z =-3.294,P <0.05), while the signal intensity decreased on T2WI or T2*WI.There was no significant differences in signal intensity on FSE T2 WI and SSFSE T2*WI with iron concentration >10μg/ml( Z=-7.110,P>0.05).With iron concentration≤10 μg/ml,the signal intensity on SSFSE T 2*WI was significantly decreased compared to FSE T2 WI ( Z =-2.023, P <0.05 ) .Conclusions DPs may be potential dual-modal probes for characterization of tumor angiogenesis by MR and optical imaging noninvasively , without causing significant effects on the cell activity in vitro , and SSFSE T2*WI may be the most sensitive sequence for DPs evaluation on MR.

Purpose To analyze the perfusion differences of different pancreatic diseases using the low-dose whole organ dynamic volume CT perfusion imaging, and to provide the evidence for the clinical application. Materials and Methods Twenty-eight patients suspected as pancreatic disease were applied by 640 layer volume CT perfusion imaging for the pancreas. Data were collected at the same time of bolus injection of contrast agent, then were analyzed by spatial alignment and perfusion calculation using the perfusion software. The time-density curve, blood perfusion flow diagram and tissue artery blood flow were obtained using the maximum slope method. Results Normal pancreatic tissue (n=9) blood flow was (117.04±12.05) ml/(min?100 ml), pancreatitis organizations (6 cases with acute pancreatitis and 3 cases with chronic pancreatitis) (118.67±37.18) ml/(min?100 ml), pancreatic carcinoma tissue (n=10) was (67.16±18.94) ml/(min?100 ml). There was significant difference among three groups (F=8.59, P<0.001);the difference was demonstrated in pancreatic cancer vs. normal pancreas and pancreatic cancer vs. pancreatitis group (q=3.70, P<0.05), which could be clearly demonstrated by blood perfusion flow diagram. The difference was not statistically revealed pancreatitis and normal pancreas group (q=2.91, P>0.05). The total dose of X-rays in the whole scanning process was 21.5-23.9 mSv. Conclusion Low-dose whole pancreas organ CT perfusion scan can quantitatively analyze the hemodynamic changes in pancreatic disease, which be of great value for evaluating changes in microcirculation during the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Objective To evaluate renal hemodynamic changes in hydronephrosis children with no image on intravenous urography by color doppler flow image(CDFI). Methods The resistance indexes(RIs)in main renal arteries(MRAs),interlobar renal arteries(IRAs)and arcuate renal arteries(ARAs)were measured in 48 children with hydronephrosis with no image on intravenous urography.The thickness and area were also measured in hydronephrotic kidneys.Resistive index ration(RIR=hydronephrotic kidneys RI/contralateral RI)was calculated. And pathological changes of kidneys were graded in these cases.Spearman's correlation test was used to compare RIR and pathological grades in these kidneys. Results In healthy and hydronephrotic kidneys,the relevant parameters were as fol1.13±0.14,1.14±0.09,respectively in MRAs,IRAs,ARAs in hydronephrotic kidneys(P＞ness,area of hydronephrotic kidneys(P＜0.05),also between RIR and thickness,araa(P＜0.05),MRAs,IRAs,ARAs and pathologic grades(P＜0.05),especially in IRP(s(r=0.795,P＜0.01).Conclusions RIR of IRA could be an ideal parameter of renal hemodynamics to evaluate renal damage in children with congenital hydronephrosis with no image on intravenous urography.