Object To investigate clinical features,surgical strategy and prognostic factors of bone metastasis from thyroid cancer.Methods A total of 46 patients with bone metastasis from thyroid cancer,who had undergone surgical treatment from January 1999 to July 2011 and had complete follow-up data,were enrolled in this retrospective study.There were 20 males and 26 females,aged from 40 to 87 years (average,56.87 years).Forty two (91.3％) cases of metastatic lesion located in axial skeleton,while 4 (8.7％) in limbs.The tumor histology type was well-differentiated in 35 patients and poorly differentiated in 11 cases.Nineteen patients (41.3％) had an isolated metastatic bone lesion,while other 27 patients (58.7％) had multiple lesions.Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Cox regression model were performed to identify prognostic factors among 19 factors including gender,age,tumor subtype,number of bone metastasis,site of bone metastasis,visceral metastasis,skeletal-related events,timing of metastasis,whether metastatic lesion was detected when thyroid cancer was diagnosed,whether thyroid surgery was performed,whether 131Ⅰ therapy was performed,whether chemotherapy or radiotherapy were performed,preoperative general condition (good or poor),surgical type (excisional surgery or palliative surgery),characteristics of metastatic lesion (osteolytic or mixed),intraoperative blood loss,whether measures were applied to prevent intraoperative bleeding,perioperative complications and long-term complications.Results Excisional surgery was performed in 36 patients (78.3％),while palliative surgery in other 10 patients (21.7％).The average amount of blood loss was 2603.26ml.The postoperative 5-year survival rate and 10-year survival rate were 37.3％ and 12.4％,respectively.Univariate analysis showed the significant prognostic factors include tumor subtype,number of bone metastasis,whether 131Ⅰ therapy was performed,and preoperative general condition (good or poor).Multivariate analysis showed the independent prognostic factors were number of bone metastasis (solitary or multiple) and whether 131Ⅰ therapy was performed.Conclusion For patients with bone metastasis from thyroid cancer,the prognostic factors are useful for determining indications for operation and improving treatment outcome.

Objective To evaluate the surgical procedures and both oncological and functional outcome in patients with bone tumors of the shoulder girdle.Methods Seventy-one patients including 61.pts with malignant tumor and 10 pts with giant cell tumors of the shoulder girdle treated in our department from July 1998 to July 2006 were studied retrospectively.According to the location,there were 15 pts with scapula tumor and 56 pts with proximal humeral tumor.Forty-two male pts and 29 female pts were included in this study with an average age of 36.5 years old ranging from 11.to 62 years old.Surgical procedures:forequarter amputation in 10 pts;Scapulectomy in 3 pts;Scapulectomy and artificial scapular replacement in 3pts;partial scapulectomy and proximal humerus resection with prosthetic reconstruction in 8 pts;proximal humerus resection and prosthesis replacement in 47 pts.Results Due to adequate soft tissue was preserved,the mean functional score was 28 for the pts with giant cell tumor according to MSTS functional scoring system,compared with the functional score 23 for the pts with malignant tumor because the deltoid muscle insertion was resected in the latter group.Among the thirty-seven patients with osteosarcoma,local recurrence occurred in four cases(10.8%),lung metastasis in five and bone metastasis in two.The seven patients died of disease.One patient iagnosed of malignancy in giant cell tumor died after distal metastasis.thtee patients with Ewing sarcoma died of the disease.No recurrence Wag observed in both five humeral chondrosarcoma and five scapular chondrosarcoma.Conclusion Tumot resection and proximal humeral prostbesis replacement is the optimal method for the sarcoma of shoulder girdle in term of preservation of elbow and hand function.Preservation of abductor insertion is necessary for good abduction function.The metastatic rate of proximal humeral osteosarcoma was lower than that of lower extremities.also the prognosis of oncological outcome.Intra-articular and extra-atticular tumor resection produced similar local recurrence rate in the present study,which suggested intra-articular resection may be an altemafive procedure.

AIM: To investigate the effects of low-dose theophylline on differentiation of the naive T lymphocyte. METHODS: Naive T lymphocytes and monocytes were isolated from cord blood in neonate. Theophylline (10 mg?L-1 ) was added in naive T lymphocytes and monocytes which stimulated by PHA (200 mg?L-1 ) for 3 days, and the differentiation of T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cytokines were measured by enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay ( ELISA ). RESULTS: Theophylline significantly promoted differentiation fromTh1 cells to naive T cells ( P

Objective To study retrospectively the efficacy and complications of different surgery approaches used to treat primary spinal tumors and to discuss the surgical strategy in treating them. Methods 135 patients with primary spinal tumors had been treated between July 1998 and July 2005. The following diagnoses were made based on histopathological findings: multiple myeloma in 25 patients, giant cell tumor in 17, neurofibroma or neurilemmoma in 23, chondrosarcoma in 7, osteoblastoma in 6, aneurysmal bone cyst in 4, lymphoma in 9, eosinophilic granuloma in 6, hemangioma in 15, osteosarcoma in 3, Ewing sarcoma in 5, and other different tumors in 15. Anterior approach and posterior approach was used in 73 cases and 31 cases respectively. Posterolateral approach was used in 13 cases and combination of anterior and posterior approach was used in 18 cases. Results Pain relief was obtained in 126 of the 135 patients(93.3%). Improved neurological function was seen in 86 of 92 patients who had suffered from impaired neurological function. No severe complications were found in the follow-up period. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage was observed in 11 patients, and which was successfully treated using antibiotics therapy and raising the foot of the bed. 3 patients suffered from stress ulcer after operation, but they recovered soon after blood transfusion and anti-acid treatment. Other complications included subcutaneous emphysema (in 3 patients), superficial wound infection (in 3 patients),nerve root injury (in 2 patients), implant loosening (in 2 patients), and neurological morbidity due to surgery (in 1 patient). Conclusion When single or two adjacent vertebrae are involved by spinal tumors such as giant cell tumor and chondrosarcoma, tumor resection should be performed through combination of anterior and posterior approach. Aggressive resection based on the Tomita or WBB staging system is the treatment most likely to achieve long-term local control.

[Objective]To evaluate the diagnostic strategy for bone metastasis from unknown primary. [Method]One hundred and twenty five patients with unknown primary bone metastasis were treated from June 2003 and December 2006.The distribution of bone metastasis while initial diagnosis mainly focused on spine,sacrum,pelvis,femur and humerus.The diagnostic strategy contained a series of physical examination,laboratory test,imaging study and pathological examination.[Result]The primary tumor was found in 70.4% cases,while 40% was in the lung,8% in kidney,5.6% in prostate,4.8% in liver,4% in breast,both 2.4% in thyroid and gastric,and 3.2% in other visceras.The physical examination revealed the occult primary site of the malignant tumor in only 9.6% cases.Although,43.2% patients had higher level of tumor antigen,but most of them were non-specific.Sixty percent of primary tumor was found by various imaging studies including plain radiograph,computed tomography and ultrasound.The pathological result after biopsy or operation identified or suggested the primary tumor in 66.4% cases.The one year survival rates after diagnosis were 58.57% and 22.93% in patients of bone metastasis with known and unknown origin,respectively.[Conclusion]The primary tumor can be diagnosed in most bone metastasis patients with no cancer history after careful examination,and patients will get benefit on survival time for targeted treatment.

[Objective] A retrospective study of patients with osteosarcoma in the proximal humerus was carried out to evaluate the effect of limb salvage surgery.[Methods]Thirty-eight patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and limb salvage were included in the study.Extraarticular or intraarticular resections of the proximal humerus were performed in 5 patients and 33 patients,respectively.The reconstructions included 31 custom-made prosthetic replacements,4 allograft prosthetic composites,1 bone cement spacer,and 2 autografts.The image files of patients receiving intraarticular resection were studied to identify tumor invasion of glenoid and deltoid muscule.[Results]Local recurrence encountered in 5 patients(13.2%)including 1 with extraarticular resection and 4 with intraarticular resection.In patients with intraarticular resection,image study revealed gleoid and deltoid muscule invasion occurred in 7 patients,of whom only 4 had local recurrence.The overall 5-year survival rate was 56.4%,and the disease-free survival rate was 40.5%.Complication rate of limb salvage surgery was 18.4%,which included two autograft bone fractures,one embolism of upper limb artery combined with radial nerve injury,and 4 shoulder joint instabilities.The functional outcomes of mean MSTS 93 score was 22.7 points(75.6%).The active external extension of shoulder joint was restricted in patients with extraarticular resection of no more than 30 degrees,and in patients with intraarticular resection of mean 45 degrees.[Conclusion]Acceptable oncological result and better function could be obtained after intraarticular resection of osteosarcoma in proximal humerus if glenoid or deltoid muscle invasion was not found on image study.Prosthetic replacement in these patients had lower complication rate,and better upper limb or hand function.

[Objective]To summary wound related complications and risk factors of sacral tumor surgery,and discuss the prevention and treatment strategy in order to decrease surgical risk and prevent the related complications.[Methods]From August 1997 to June 2008,302 patients with sacral tumors who underwent operations were retrospective studied to review complication types,risk factors and treatment strategies of complications.[Results]Wound nonunion,deep infection,cerebrospinal fluid leakage,viscera injuries and severe bleeding were the most common complications of peri-operation stage.Tumor diameters larger than 10cm,surgery and radiation history were the major risk factors of wound nonunion,deep infection and viscera injuries.Severe bleeding happened in 11 patients,and the major risk factors were tumor larger than 10cm,tumor locating at S2 or higher and en bloc surgery.Surgery and radiation history were the main reasons of cerebrospinal fluid leakage.[Conclusion]Understanding the risk factors of complications of sacral tumor surgery are helpful to judge and prevent complications after surgery.Some measures of prevention and treatment are effective to decrease the surgical risks.

[Objective] To discuss the surgical treatment strategy of spinal hemangioma.[Methods]Data on 33 patients with spinal hemangioma treated from October 1997 to October 2008 were reviewed.There were 19 females and 14 males.The average age was 54 years old.Chief complaints were pain(n=13),myelopathy(n=12),radiculopathy plus local pain(n=8).Nine patients without spinal cord and radial nerve compression underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty(PVP),and 24 patients with spinal cord and radial nerve compression,paravertebral soft tissue mass or spinal unstability were treated by operation.Anterior,anteroposterior and posterior approaches were used in 9,12,and 3 patients respectively.Transarterial embolization was done in 3 patients.[Results]No perioperative complication was observed in 9 patients after PVP,with a mean follow-up of 41 months.Pain was relieved.There was no perioperative death among the 24 patients who received operation.The blood loss during operation was 2739 ml and 1619 ml for anterior and posterior approaches,respectively(P=0.12).One case of paravertebral hematoma,one case of spinal canal hematoma,and one case of wound infection were observed in this group.Pain was relieved in 89%(17/19)of the patients.According to the Frankel Scale,the neurologic situation was improved in all the 12 patients with myelopathy.By a mean follow-up of 48 months,no internal fixation failure was seen.Tumor recurrence or growth was found in 4 patients,two had no symptoms and one underwent radiotherapy for pain.Repeated operation was performed in one patient with myelopathy.[Conclusion]Most patients with symptomatic spinal hemangioma could be treated successfully by surgery.Individual surgical plan should be made according to the reason causing symptoms and the general condition of the patient.

Objective To investigate the expression of Smad5 gene in the cochlea and to identify its location. Methods Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed to detect the expression of Smad5, the in situ hybridization and the immunohistochemical technique were used to localize the Smad5 messenger RNA and the Smad5 protein in mouse cochlea. Results Smad5 gene expressed in cochlea at a high level. Smad5 expression was concentrated in supporting cell, hair cell, spiral ganglion, epithelium of stria vascularis and basilar membrane. Conclusion The Smad5 proteins exist in the mouse cochlea and it may be involved in the cochlear formation and the differentiation of hair cell. Smad5 might be an essential factor for the development of normal cochlea.