Objective To explore the clinical and pandemic features and respiratory pathogen co-infection characteristics of children infected with influenza virus A (Flu A) in year 2009.Methods A retrospective study of hospitalized children with flu-like clinical symptoms in 2009 was conducted.The peripheral blood serum was analyzed to detect common respiratory agents,inclucding Flu A,respiratory syncytial virus,adenovirus,influenza virus B,parainfluenza virus 1,2 and 3,chlamydia pneumonia and mycoplasma pneumonia,klebsiella pneumonia (KP),haemophilus influenza and legionella pneumophila by using indirect immunofluorescence test for the antibody detection (IgM).And a standard medical history was recorded,including epidemiological data,clinical manifestation,and the length of hospital stay,white blood count and chest X-ray elsewhere.All specimens were collected in Department of Pediatrics,Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University,from Jan.2009 to Dec.2009.Results Flu A was detected in 234 of the 599 (39.1％,234/599 cases) flu-like children.The mean age was 48.8 months (range from 3 to 167 months).The detection rate in less than 1-year-old group (11.1％,18/162 cases) was obviously lower than that of the older groups (P ＜ O.001).Especially for the group ＜ 6 months,there was only 1 infant (1.43％,1/70 cases) with Flu A positive.Compared with Flu A negative group,the main clinical features of children with Flu A positive group were fever(78.2％,183/234 cases,P =0.013) and cough(76.5％,179/234 cases,P =0.04),however asthma (14.1％,33/234 cases,P =0.003)and diarrhea (6.0％,14/234 cases,P ＝ 0.001) cases were less.The detection rates of Flu A reached a peak of 57.0％ in November and December,and a secondary peak of 45.0％ in May and June.Flu A infection children less than 1 year old were simple in etiology.The children were older,the etiology was more complex.The primary coinfection pathogen was KP (53.8％,126/234 cases) and Flu B(48.3％,113/234 cases).Compared Flu A coinfection with or without KP,there was no difference between these 2 groups in the clinical features.Conclusions Intfluenza A is the main pathogen of hospitalized children with flu-like symptoms in 2009.Children over 1 year old age were the major infection groups of Flu A.The detection rates of Flu A reached peaks in May to June and November to December.Flu A positive children were prone to KP coinfection.

Objective To investigate the adsorptive capacity of cross-linked agar entrapping attapulgite clay (CAA) capsule, a novel adsorbent for hemoperfusion. Methods We selected some drugs such as phenothiazines, methylene blue, and diazepam as the model components to test the adsorptive capacity of CAA in human blood in vitro by means of static stirred absorption experiment and repeated hemoperfusion. Results CAA was of strong adsorption for phenothiazines and methylene blue but of little effect on diazepam. The corresponding adsorptive mechanisms were also discussed here. Conclusion CAA could be used as a highly effective adsorbent for the cation drugs in human blood.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of ilaprazole and bismuth combined ten-day standard quadruple therapy and sequential therapy in the treatment of patients with Helicobacter pylori (H .pylori)infected chronic gastritis.Methods A total of 200 patients with H .pylori-positive chronic gastritis diagnosed by gastroendoscopy examination and rapid urease test (RUT)were randomly divided into standard quadruple therapy group and sequential therapy group,100 cases in each group.One group received ilaprazole,bismuth,amoxicillin-clavulanatepotassium and ofloxacin 10-day standard quadruple therapy, and the other group received ilaprazole, amoxicillin-clavulanatepotassium, ofloxacin and furazolidone 10-day sequential therapy.In four to six weeks after the therapy,the condition of H .pylori eradication was detected by a 14 C-urea breath test.The improvement of clinical symptoms and adverse effects were also observed. Normal distributed and variance homogenized measurement data were compared by t test,while unordered categorical data were analyzed by chi-square test and the exact probability method,and categorical data were compared by two independent sample rank sum test.Results The per-protocol analysis values of H .pylori eradication rates of the standard quadruple therapy group and the sequential therapy group were 88.54%(85/96)and 87.23%(82/94),respectively,while the intention-to-treat analysis values were 85 .00%(85/100)and 82.00%(82/100 ),respectively.The effective rates of symptomatic relief of upper abdominal pain,acid regurgitation,heart burning in the standard quadruple therapy group and the sequential therapy group were 95 .83%(92/96)and 95 .74%(90/94),respectively. The incidence of adverse effects which weve very mild was 6.25 % (6/96 ) and 7.44% (7/94 ), respectively.There was no statistically significant difference in the above three factors between the two groups (all P >0.05).Conclusions Ilaprazole and bismuth combined 10-day standard quadruple therapy and sequential therapy in the treatment of patients with H .pylori positive chronic gastritis both achieves high rates of H .pylori eradication and symptom relief with mild adverse effects.

Objective To investigate the expression pattern and significance of two importantoocyte-secreted factors:growth differentiation factor 9(GDF9)and bone morphogenetic protein 15(BMP15)during oocyte maturation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)and infertile women due to husband factors.Methods Total of 25 oocytes[9 at germinal vesicle GV stage,9 at M Ⅰ stage and 7 at M Ⅱ stage]were obtained from 12 patients with PCOS and 82 oocytes(29 at GV stage,26 at M Ⅰ stage and 27 at M Ⅱ stage)were from 56 controls.The nested quantitative real time(RT)PCR was uscd to detect the abundance of GDF9 and BMP15 mRNA in each oocyte.Results(1)The expression level of GDF9 mRNA at the GV stage,M Ⅰ stage and M Ⅱ stage in PCOS group were 44.8(4.2-529.0),27.6(9.8-172.7)and 49.0(0.2-65.9)respectively,the expression in were 149.9(55.4-387.9),29.9(2.5-205.8)and 657.8(149.4-1376.2)in control group,respectively.The expression of GDF9 mRNA at M Ⅱ stage was significantly lower in PCOS group than in controls(P ＜ 0.01),however,the differences didn't reach statistical significant at GV or M Ⅰ stage between the two groups(P ＞ 0.05).The expression of GDF9 mRNA displayed some changes at different maturation stage in controls(P ＜ 0.05,P ＜ 0.01),however,the expression didn't demonstrate any dynamic changes in PCOS group(P ＞ 0.05).(2)The expression level BMP15 mRNA at the GV stage,M Ⅰ stage and M Ⅱ stage in PCOS group were 0.1(0.1-22.0),3.2(0.6-55.0)and 6.4(3.2-8.5),respectively,the expression were 41.6(6.5-96.1),4.0(2.0-10.4)and 49.7(2.3-139.5)in control group,respectively.The expression of BMP15 mRNA at GV stage was significantly lower in PCOS group than in controls(P ＜ 0.01),however,the differences were not significant at M Ⅰ or M Ⅱ stage between the two groups(P ＞0.05).The expression of BMP15 mRNA also displayed some changes at different maturation stage in controls(P ＜ 0.05),however,the level didn't demonstrate any dynamic changes in PCOS group(P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion It was suggested that the low expression of oocyte secreted factors in mature oocytes from PCOS patients might be associated with impaired oocyte quality and developmental competence in PCOS.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of Shenshuai Yangzhen Capsule (SYC) on hypothalamic leptin-neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) axes in chronic renal failure (CRF) rats with malnutrition (MN).

METHODSForty-two male SD rats of SPF grade were established into CRF-MN model by 5/6 nephrectomy and 4% casein diet, the happening time of MN in them was recorded. Rats successfully modeled were randomized into three groups, 11 rats in Group A treated with SYC, 11 in group B treated with composite alpha-keto acid and 12 in Group C was untreated. Besides, a normal control group was set up with 8 healthy rats. After being treated for 4 weeks, the renal function related indices, including serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 24 hour urine protein (24 h Upro), albumin (ALB), haemoglobin (Hb) insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyeride (TG) were measured, and body weight, food intake in rats were observed dynamically, blood leptin and NPY level in rats were determined by radioimmunoassay; mRNA expressions of OB-Rb, NPY and POMC in hypothalamus were detected with RT-PCR.

RESULTSCRF rats revealed MN at the end of 10th week after modeling. Compared with Group C, the condition of MN in Group A was significantly improved, showing increase of food intake and body weight (P < 0.05), marked improvement of renal function (P < 0.05), decrease of LP and NPY levels in plasma (P < 0.05), as well as up-regulated NPY mRNA expression and down-regulated mRNA expressions of OB-Rb and POMC in hypothalamus (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSYC can improve the malnutrition condition in rats with CRF, which is possibly by way of depressing OB-Rb and POMC mRNA expression and upgrading NPY mRNA expression in hypothalamus.

Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Hypothalamus ; metabolism ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; complications ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Leptin ; genetics ; metabolism ; Male ; Malnutrition ; etiology ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Neuropeptide Y ; genetics ; metabolism ; Pro-Opiomelanocortin ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Metabolic engineering provide powerful tools for the systematic manipulation of cellular metabolic activities. The ptsG gene for glucose-specific transporter Enzyme II CBGlc of the phosphotransferase system was knock-out so as to reduce the accumulation of acetic acid in the high cell-density culture of Escherichia coli on excess glucose. The chloramphenicol-resistant cassette with short shared sequences on both ends generated by PCR was electroporated into Escherichia coli DH5alpha and JM109. Recombination between linear DNA cassettes and Escherichia coli chromosomes took place by Red recombinase functions. Therefore, the ptsG gene was disrupted to construct the mutants called DH5alphaP and JM109P. There was no difference between the mutants and parent strains in LB media.However, in LB media supplemented with glucose, the mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in ptsG showed greater biomass, together with exploiting more glucose. The maximal cell density obtained with DH5alphaP was approximately 3 times more than that of DH5alpha, then the result of JM109P increased fourfold. The products of recombinant protein TNF respectively accounted for 24.3% of total cellular protein in DH5alphaP with A600 8.28 and 20.8% of total cellular protein in JM109P with A600 7.62. The specific volume expression amount of TNF was greater in the ptsG mutant than in its parent strain. These results demonstrate that the ptsG-mutant strains will be available for high cell-density culture.
Culture Media ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; growth & development ; Fermentation ; Mutation ; Phosphoenolpyruvate Sugar Phosphotransferase System ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; biosynthesis

Cancer is the most important leading cause of death worldwide, with about 10 million deaths caused by cancer in 2020. In situ gel drug delivery systems have attracted much attention in the field of pharmacy and biotechnology due to their good histo-compatibility, excellent injectability, high drug delivery capacity, slow-release drug delivery, and less influence by the in vivo environment. Meanwhile, in situ gel can be combined with chemotherapy, photo-thermal therapy, chemokinetic therapy, immunotherapy and so on to deliver drugs into the tumor site in a less invasive way without surgical operation, forming a semi-solid gel reservoir in the tumor site to realize in situ tumor combined therapy. In this paper, the author summarized the research progress of anti-tumor in situ gel delivery system in the past 10 years, introduced its commonly used polymer materials, classification principles and specific application examples, and finally summarized and discussed the key issues, in order to provide reference for the development of new anti-tumor drug delivery system in the future.

Brain delivery of drugs remains challenging due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). With advances in nanotechnology and biotechnology, new possibilities for brain-targeted drug delivery have emerged. Biomimetic nano drug delivery systems with high brain-targeting and BBB-penetrating capabilities, along with good biocompatibility and safety, can enable 'invisible' drug delivery. In this review, five different types of biomimetic strategies are presented and their research progress in central nervous system disorders is reviewed. Finally, the challenges and future prospects for biomimetic nano drug delivery systems in intracerebral drug delivery are summarized.

BACKGROUNDNifekalant may prevent atrial fibrillation (AF) and possibly be useful in treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmia in patients with severe heart failure. This study investigated the electophysiologic effect of nifekalant on the acute atrial remodeling in rapid atrial pacing (RAP) model of canine.

METHODSTwelve mongrel dogs subjected to rapid stimulation (400 beats/min) at left atrial appendage (LAA) for 24 hours, were randomized into the control group (rapid pacing only, n = 6) and the nifekalant group (intravenous nifekalant therapy immediately after RAP, n = 6). Atrial electrophysiological parameters were measured in right atrium, coronary sinus, LAA, posterior wall of left atrium (PWLA) and left superior pulmonary vein (LSPV), before and after the RAP.

RESULTSIn the control group, the effective refractory periods (ERP) were shortened greatly at all sites, paced dogs had substantially shorter ERPs in the high right atrium, LAA, and LSPV, but fewer changes in the PWLA, the coefficient variation of ERP (COV ERP) was increased significantly. After rapid atrial stimulation, the inducibility of AF increased significantly [induction number: pre-RAP vs post-RAP, 1.00 +/- 0.89 vs 8.17 +/- 2.79, P < 0.01; duration of AF: pre-RAP vs post-RAP, (450.34 +/- 362.59) ms vs (9975.77 +/- 4376.99) ms, P < 0.01]. In the nifekalant group, although the ERPs were prolonged at all sites compared with those in pre-RAP state, only the value at LSPV differed significantly from that in pre-RAP state [pre-RAP vs post-RAP, (102.50 +/- 5.24) ms vs (132.51 +/- 5.20) ms, P < 0.01]; the COV ERP did not change statistically in this group. The inducibility of AF slightly increased but insignificantly after pacing [induction number: pre-RAP vs post-RAP, 0.83 +/- 0.75 vs 1.67 +/- 0.82, P = 0.19; duration of AF: pre-RAP vs post-RAP, (378.67 +/- 317.88) ms vs (1124.08 +/- 1109.77) ms, P = 0.06]. Conduction time values did not alter significantly in either of the two groups after RAP.

CONCLUSIONSIn canine RAP model, nifekalant inhibited ERP shortening and ERP heterogeneity increasing, decreased AF induction. Nifekalant can reverse acute electrical remodeling effect in this model.

Animals ; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents ; pharmacology ; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial ; Dogs ; Female ; Male ; Pyrimidinones ; pharmacology ; Refractory Period, Electrophysiological ; drug effects

Innovation education was introduced in medical microbiology teaching practice,including updating the innovative education concept,reforming teaching methods and means,constructing the teaching content system and practice platform adapting to innovation education.